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2020-06-10

$LATAM Airlines Group SA(LTM)$为何停牌？

2020-06-05

$美国航空(AAL)$我的空被打爆了

2020-06-01

$维珍银河(SPCE)$8个点进去被埋了[开心] ，不能乱追不懂得公司了

2020-06-09

$燃石医学(BNR)$竟然国内的股票，我申购了[流泪] ，几次破发搞怕了我港股

2020-06-17

$蔚来(NIO)$蔚来的期权怎么这么绿

2020-06-10

$LATAM Airlines Group SA(LTM)$起得来吗？

2020-06-04

$美国航空(AAL)$今天做大哥啊

2020-06-02

$嘉年华邮轮(CCL)$3家游轮确实这家最差，耗费了两个月

2020-06-10

$MFA Financial(MFA)$开盘为何涨那么多我，中途跌呢

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另外，经济前景同样取决于政府的救济措施，政府提供救济，并在必要时支持复苏。</blockquote><blockquote><span><b>③除此之前，鲍威尔还增加了一级市场企业信贷安排（PMCCF）、主街贷款计划和市政流动性安排（MLF）等工具的实施情况介绍。</b></span>PMCCF的最后条款及操作细节已于6月29日公布。另外，随着各项措施的推进，公司债券市场的情况明显得到改善。</blockquote><p><b>以下为讲稿全文：</b></p><p>Waters主席、McHenry高级委员和委员会的其他成员，感谢你们给我这个机会讨论美联储为应对当前挑战而采取的措施。</p><p>在我们开会之际，新冠疫情带来的巨大苦难仍在继续，夺去了全球数千万人的生命。新冠疫情首先是一场公共卫生危机，最重要的应对措施来自一线医院、应急服务和医疗机构。我谨代表美联储，向那些日复一日冒着生命危险为他人和国家服务的人们表示衷心的感谢。</p><p>从3月份开始，疫情及为遏制疫情采取的严格限制措施导致经济活动急剧下降，失业人数激增。4月份支出和生产指标骤降，第二季度实际GDP的降幅可能是有记录以来最大的。疫情给一些重要的金融市场造成了巨大的压力，并削弱了经济中的信贷流动，可能导致经济活动进一步被削弱，就业机会进一步丧失。</p><p>政府采取了迅速而有力的政策行动来应对危机，包括《冠状病毒援助、救济和经济安全法》(CARES Act)，这种直接支持不仅对帮助家庭和企业至关重要，在限制对经济造成长期损害方面也发挥了重要作用。</p><p><span>随着经济的重新开放，陆续公布的数据开始表明经济活动有所恢复：许多企业正在敞开大门，招聘人数在增加，支出也在增加。5月，就业人数上升，消费者支出强劲反弹，经济比预期更快地进入了重要的新阶段。但它也提出了新的挑战，特别是需要控制疫情。</span></p><p><span>最近的经济数据显示出一些积极迹象，但我们要记住，有两千多万美国人失业了。并且疫情对就业的打击是不平均的，失业在低收入工人、妇女以及非裔美国人和西班牙裔美国人中，尤为严重。未来的道路非常不确定，人们遭受着经济上的痛苦，生活也被颠覆了。</span></p><p><span>产出和就业仍远低于疫情前的水平。未来的路径极端不确定，取决于疫情发展。除非人们认为情况安全，否则不可能全面复苏。</span></p><p><span>经济前景同样取决于政府的救济措施，政府提供救济，并在必要时支持复苏。</span></p><p>美联储对这一特殊时期的回应，一直以我们的使命和责任为指导，即促进美国人民的最大就业和物价稳定，以及促进金融体系稳定。我们的行动和项目直接地促进信贷流向家庭、企业、州和地方政府；</p><p><span>这些项目使“主街”受益，为它们提供在别的地方无法获得资金，帮助雇主留住员工，让消费者能够继续消费。在许多情况下，这些项目充当着金融市场的重要后盾，有助于提高私营贷款人提供信贷的意愿，缓解全国家庭和企业的经济状况。美联储坚定地致力于利用这些计划和项目，提供稳定性，确保经济尽可能强劲地复苏，并限制疫情对经济造成的持久损害。</span></p><p>我将从货币政策开始讨论我们已经采取的行动。今年3月，我们将政策利率下调至接近于零的水平，我们预计将维持这一利率水平，直到我们确信经济已经挺过近期事件的考验，并走上了实现最大就业和价格稳定目标的正轨。</p><p>除货币政策外，我们还在以下四个方面采取了有力措施：</p><blockquote>通过公开市场操作恢复市场运行；</blockquote><blockquote>采取行动改善短期融资市场流动性状况；</blockquote><blockquote>与财政部协作建立新项目，以更直接地促进信贷流向家庭、企业、州和地方政府；</blockquote><blockquote>采取措施允许和鼓励银行利用过去10年积累的大量资本和流动性，在这个困难时期支持经济。</blockquote><p>现在让我谈谈我们的公开市场操作以及市场为何需要它们。随着3月中旬紧张局势和不确定性上升，投资者迅速转向现金和短期政府证券，美国国债和机构抵押贷款支持证券（MBS）市场开始出现紧张迹象。这些市场对金融体系的整体运作以及货币政策向更广泛经济的传导至关重要。</p><p>作为回应，联邦公开市场委员会购买了必要数量的美国国债和机构MBS，以支持市场平稳运行。购买行动实施之后，市场状况大大改善，因此4月初我们放慢了购债的步伐。为了维持市场平稳地运作，从而促进货币政策有效地传导至更广泛的金融领域，在未来数月内，我们至少将以现有的速度购买美国国债和机构MBS。我们将密切关注事态发展，并准备酌情调整我们的计划，以实现我们的目标。</p><p>随着3月中旬紧张局势和不确定性上升，投资者表现出更大的风险厌恶情绪，纷纷撤离较长期和风险较高的资产，以及一些货币市场共同基金。为了稳定短期融资市场，我们延长了（还款）期限，降低了面向存款机构的贴现窗口贷款利率。</p><p>在财政部的批准下，委员会还根据《联邦储备法》第13(3)条设立了一级交易商信贷机制（PDCF）。根据PDCF，美联储向短期融资市场的关键中介——一级交易商提供担保良好的贷款。与我前面提到的大规模购买美国国债和机构MBS类似，这一工具有助于恢复正常的市场运作。</p><p>此外，根据《联邦储备法》第13(3)条，我们与财政部一起设立了商业票据融资机制（CPFF）和货币市场共同基金流动性机制（MMLF）。这两种工具都由财政部提供股本，以保护美联储免受损失。在这些工具宣布和实施后，商业票据和其他短期融资市场的市场运行指标大幅改善，优质和免税货币市场基金的快速资金外流停止。</p><p>3月中旬，离岸美元融资市场也面临压力。作为回应，美联储和其他几家央行宣布扩大美元流动性互换额度。此外，美联储还为外国货币当局引入了一项新的临时回购协议安排。这些行动帮助稳定了全球美元融资市场，并继续支持美国国债市场和其他金融市场的平稳运行以及美国的经济状况。</p><p>随着疫情对全球经济的破坏愈加明显，较长期债券市场也面临压力。对于那些发行公司债券、市政债券和由消费者和小企业贷款支持的资产支持证券（ABS）的公司来说，借贷成本急剧上升。信用良好的家庭、企业、州和地方政府无法以合理的价格借款，这将进一步减少经济活动。此外，传统上依赖银行贷款的中小企业面临融资需求大幅增加的局面，因为它们正艰难应对可能倒闭或收入大幅减少的局面。</p><p>为了支持对经济活动至关重要、以市场为基础的长期融资，美联储采取了一系列大胆举措。这些措施的目的是确保信贷流向借款人，从而支持经济活动。在财政部提供的信用保护下，3月23日，委员会宣布将通过建立定期资产支持证券贷款工具（TALF）来支持消费者和小企业贷款。</p><p>TALF将以资产支持证券（ABS）为抵押发放贷款，ABS由新发行的汽车贷款、信用卡贷款以及其他消费者和小企业贷款支持。反过来，这些贷款将支持消费者获得这些重要类型的信贷。</p><p>美联储还根据第13(3)条与财政部采取行动，通过一级市场企业信贷安排（PMCCF）和二级市场企业信贷安排（SMCCF），支持大型雇主的信贷需求。这些工具主要购买美国公司在2020年3月22日发行的投资级债券。<span>通过购买这些债券，美联储能够降低投资级公司的借贷成本，从而促进经济活动。这两个工具的总购买额度高达7500亿美元，《救济法案》还提供750亿美元的额度。</span></p><p><span>PMCCF的最后条款及操作细节已于6月29日公布，美联储随时准备购买新发行的公司债券及银团贷款，为寻求再融资或新融资的企业提供支持。SMCCF购买流通中的的公司债ETF，以促进二级市场的顺利运行。SMCCF是对PMCCF的补充，SMCCF能帮助改善二级市场的功能，从而有助于公司以合理的条件进入债券<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/HX\">和信贷</a>市场。</span></p><p><span>SMCCF中的ETF购买计划于5月12日推出。本月早些时候，SMCCF开始逐渐减少对公司债ETF的购买，因为开始购买单个企业债，以更直接地支持二级市场顺利运作，增强市场流动性。购买量将取决于市场运行状况，目前的购买量处于非常低的水平。SMCCF工具下目前持有约100亿美元的债券和ETF。</span></p><p><span>继3月底公布两项企业信贷安排后，公司债券市场的情况明显得到改善。投资级债券的信用利差扩大，只比2、3月份低一点点。一级市场的发行量强劲反弹，二级市场的流动性也有所改善，到4月中旬，专注于公司债的共同基金和ETF的资金净流出状况出现逆转。</span></p><p><span>美联储还启动了“主街贷款计划”，该计划旨在向疫情爆发前财务状况良好的中小企业提供贷款。这些公司因为规模太小，无法直接通过债券市场融资，通常需要依赖银行贷款。根据主街贷款计划，银行先向符合条件的企业发放新贷款或增加现有贷款规模，之后可以向美联储出售这些贷款。《救济法案》给该计划批了750亿美元，美联储购买该计划下银行贷款的最大限额多达6000亿美元。</span></p><p><span>美联储公布了该贷款计划下借贷双方需要签署的所有法律文件，贷款登记于6月15日开始。美联储将很快开始购买计划下银行手中的贷款。此外，美联储最近就扩大主街计划的提议寻求反馈意见，考虑将主街贷款计划扩大至非营利组织(如医院和大学)。非营利组织向全国各地提供重要服务，因此该项目也将向它们提供支持。</span></p><p><span>这些变化将有助于该计划满足更多雇主的需求，这些雇主可能需要过渡融资来支持他们的运营和经济复苏。我们将在获取更多信息之后做进一步调整。</span></p><p><span>虽然某些部门的企业受疫情的打击特别严重，在获得信贷方面仍然存在困难，小企业管理局的工资保障计划（PPP）利用现有的银行体系，满足了许多小企业的即时信贷需求。此外，在未来的几个月里，对那些疫情爆发前财务状况良好的中小企业来说，主街贷款可能是宝贵的资源。</span></p><p>为了提高小企业管理局工资保障计划（PPP）的有效性，美联储于4月16日启动了工资保障计划流动性工具，小企业以PPP贷款为担保，可全额申请到该工具项下的流动性。截至上周，该工具购买了参与金融机构超过650亿美元的未偿还定期贷款。全美独立企业联盟（NFIB）5月发布的最新月度调查显示，小企业近几个月来的资金需求能够得到满足，主要就是由于工资保障计划（PPP）。</p><p>此外，为了帮助州和地方政府更好地管理现金流压力，以继续为社区里的家庭和企业提供服务，美联储与财政部一起，根据第13(3)条，建立市政流动性安排（MLF），《救济法案》给该计划批了350亿美元，可以直接从美国各州、县、城等购买多达5000亿美元的短期债务。该工具于5月26日开始运作，迄今为止，MLF已购买了价值12亿美元的短期市政债券。</p><p><span>MLF和其他工具的运用，给私募市场提供了后盾，市政债券市场已明显恢复了大半，从今年早些时候前所未有的压力中解脱出来。过去两个月，市政债券收益率大幅下降，发行量飙升，市场状况有所改善。</span></p><p><span>美联储在第13(3)条授权下，基于紧急状况动用这些工具。当经济和金融状况有所好转，我们将把这些工具放回工具箱中。</span></p><p>我们采取措施的最后一个领域是银行监管。为了鼓励银行利用自己的优势来支持家庭和企业，委员会做了一些调整，其中很多是临时性的。与2008年的金融危机不同，当前银行拥有大量的资本和流动性缓冲，且风险管理和运营弹性也均有所改善。</p><p>美联储肩负重要使命，在过去几个月里，我们以非常快的速度采取了前所未有的措施。在这个过程中，我们承担起了对美国人民尽可能开诚布公的责任。我们坚定致力于公开透明，并认识到，在我们必须使用紧急权力的时期，透明度的必要性也就更加突出。我们将每月公布每个项目参与者的姓名和详细信息（包括借款金额、收取的利息以及每个项目的总成本、收入和费用）。</p><p>我们认识到（我们采取的）这些行动只是更广泛的公共部门应对措施中的一部分，但我们仍致力于在这个充满挑战的时刻利用我们的各种工具来支持经济。国会通过了《冠状病毒援助、救济和经济安全法》(CARES Act)，这对美联储和财政部建立的许多贷款项目至关重要。</p>","source":"jssj","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no\"/>\n<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no,email=no,address=no\" />\n<title>鲍威尔凌晨证词的讲稿已提前公布，三大新点值得留意</title>\n<style type=\"text/css\">\na,abbr,acronym,address,applet,article,aside,audio,b,big,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,center,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,\nem,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,\nobject,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,tt,u,ul,var,video{ font:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline;border:0 }\nbody{ font-size:16px; line-height:1.5; color:#999; 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8px;line-height:1.3;color:#ddd; }\n.meta {color:#5e5c6d;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 .5em; }\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 11px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;line-height: 11px;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\n鲍威尔凌晨证词的讲稿已提前公布，三大新点值得留意\n</h2>\n\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\n\n2020-06-30 11:50 北京时间&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=https://xnews.jin10.com/details/61536><strong>金十数据</strong></a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>周三凌晨00:30，美联储主席鲍威尔和美国财长努钦将在众议院金融服务委员会上就《救助法案》作证词。鲍威尔为听证会准备的讲稿已公布，跟5月19日的证词相比，此次讲稿变化不多，主要有以下3点：①关于经济前景的描述稍显乐观。鲍威尔表示，随着经济的重新开放，陆续公布的数据开始表明经济活动有所恢复：许多企业招聘人数在增加，支出也在增加，经济比预期更快地进入了重要的新阶段。②但这一乐观中还带着谨慎，且鲍威尔...</p>\n\n<a href=\"https://xnews.jin10.com/details/61536\">网页链接</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/b37cbfdbd9fac06fc4ae2f84ad058a92","relate_stocks":{},"source_url":"https://xnews.jin10.com/details/61536","is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"1135799831","content_text":"周三凌晨00:30，美联储主席鲍威尔和美国财长努钦将在众议院金融服务委员会上就《救助法案》作证词。鲍威尔为听证会准备的讲稿已公布，跟5月19日的证词相比，此次讲稿变化不多，主要有以下3点：①关于经济前景的描述稍显乐观。鲍威尔表示，随着经济的重新开放，陆续公布的数据开始表明经济活动有所恢复：许多企业招聘人数在增加，支出也在增加，经济比预期更快地进入了重要的新阶段。②但这一乐观中还带着谨慎，且鲍威尔再次特别强调了财政刺激的重要性。鲍威尔称，产出和就业仍远低于疫情前的水平。未来的路径极端不确定，取决于疫情发展。除非人们认为情况安全，否则不可能全面复苏。 另外，经济前景同样取决于政府的救济措施，政府提供救济，并在必要时支持复苏。③除此之前，鲍威尔还增加了一级市场企业信贷安排（PMCCF）、主街贷款计划和市政流动性安排（MLF）等工具的实施情况介绍。PMCCF的最后条款及操作细节已于6月29日公布。另外，随着各项措施的推进，公司债券市场的情况明显得到改善。以下为讲稿全文：Waters主席、McHenry高级委员和委员会的其他成员，感谢你们给我这个机会讨论美联储为应对当前挑战而采取的措施。在我们开会之际，新冠疫情带来的巨大苦难仍在继续，夺去了全球数千万人的生命。新冠疫情首先是一场公共卫生危机，最重要的应对措施来自一线医院、应急服务和医疗机构。我谨代表美联储，向那些日复一日冒着生命危险为他人和国家服务的人们表示衷心的感谢。从3月份开始，疫情及为遏制疫情采取的严格限制措施导致经济活动急剧下降，失业人数激增。4月份支出和生产指标骤降，第二季度实际GDP的降幅可能是有记录以来最大的。疫情给一些重要的金融市场造成了巨大的压力，并削弱了经济中的信贷流动，可能导致经济活动进一步被削弱，就业机会进一步丧失。政府采取了迅速而有力的政策行动来应对危机，包括《冠状病毒援助、救济和经济安全法》(CARES Act)，这种直接支持不仅对帮助家庭和企业至关重要，在限制对经济造成长期损害方面也发挥了重要作用。随着经济的重新开放，陆续公布的数据开始表明经济活动有所恢复：许多企业正在敞开大门，招聘人数在增加，支出也在增加。5月，就业人数上升，消费者支出强劲反弹，经济比预期更快地进入了重要的新阶段。但它也提出了新的挑战，特别是需要控制疫情。最近的经济数据显示出一些积极迹象，但我们要记住，有两千多万美国人失业了。并且疫情对就业的打击是不平均的，失业在低收入工人、妇女以及非裔美国人和西班牙裔美国人中，尤为严重。未来的道路非常不确定，人们遭受着经济上的痛苦，生活也被颠覆了。产出和就业仍远低于疫情前的水平。未来的路径极端不确定，取决于疫情发展。除非人们认为情况安全，否则不可能全面复苏。经济前景同样取决于政府的救济措施，政府提供救济，并在必要时支持复苏。美联储对这一特殊时期的回应，一直以我们的使命和责任为指导，即促进美国人民的最大就业和物价稳定，以及促进金融体系稳定。我们的行动和项目直接地促进信贷流向家庭、企业、州和地方政府；这些项目使“主街”受益，为它们提供在别的地方无法获得资金，帮助雇主留住员工，让消费者能够继续消费。在许多情况下，这些项目充当着金融市场的重要后盾，有助于提高私营贷款人提供信贷的意愿，缓解全国家庭和企业的经济状况。美联储坚定地致力于利用这些计划和项目，提供稳定性，确保经济尽可能强劲地复苏，并限制疫情对经济造成的持久损害。我将从货币政策开始讨论我们已经采取的行动。今年3月，我们将政策利率下调至接近于零的水平，我们预计将维持这一利率水平，直到我们确信经济已经挺过近期事件的考验，并走上了实现最大就业和价格稳定目标的正轨。除货币政策外，我们还在以下四个方面采取了有力措施：通过公开市场操作恢复市场运行；采取行动改善短期融资市场流动性状况；与财政部协作建立新项目，以更直接地促进信贷流向家庭、企业、州和地方政府；采取措施允许和鼓励银行利用过去10年积累的大量资本和流动性，在这个困难时期支持经济。现在让我谈谈我们的公开市场操作以及市场为何需要它们。随着3月中旬紧张局势和不确定性上升，投资者迅速转向现金和短期政府证券，美国国债和机构抵押贷款支持证券（MBS）市场开始出现紧张迹象。这些市场对金融体系的整体运作以及货币政策向更广泛经济的传导至关重要。作为回应，联邦公开市场委员会购买了必要数量的美国国债和机构MBS，以支持市场平稳运行。购买行动实施之后，市场状况大大改善，因此4月初我们放慢了购债的步伐。为了维持市场平稳地运作，从而促进货币政策有效地传导至更广泛的金融领域，在未来数月内，我们至少将以现有的速度购买美国国债和机构MBS。我们将密切关注事态发展，并准备酌情调整我们的计划，以实现我们的目标。随着3月中旬紧张局势和不确定性上升，投资者表现出更大的风险厌恶情绪，纷纷撤离较长期和风险较高的资产，以及一些货币市场共同基金。为了稳定短期融资市场，我们延长了（还款）期限，降低了面向存款机构的贴现窗口贷款利率。在财政部的批准下，委员会还根据《联邦储备法》第13(3)条设立了一级交易商信贷机制（PDCF）。根据PDCF，美联储向短期融资市场的关键中介——一级交易商提供担保良好的贷款。与我前面提到的大规模购买美国国债和机构MBS类似，这一工具有助于恢复正常的市场运作。此外，根据《联邦储备法》第13(3)条，我们与财政部一起设立了商业票据融资机制（CPFF）和货币市场共同基金流动性机制（MMLF）。这两种工具都由财政部提供股本，以保护美联储免受损失。在这些工具宣布和实施后，商业票据和其他短期融资市场的市场运行指标大幅改善，优质和免税货币市场基金的快速资金外流停止。3月中旬，离岸美元融资市场也面临压力。作为回应，美联储和其他几家央行宣布扩大美元流动性互换额度。此外，美联储还为外国货币当局引入了一项新的临时回购协议安排。这些行动帮助稳定了全球美元融资市场，并继续支持美国国债市场和其他金融市场的平稳运行以及美国的经济状况。随着疫情对全球经济的破坏愈加明显，较长期债券市场也面临压力。对于那些发行公司债券、市政债券和由消费者和小企业贷款支持的资产支持证券（ABS）的公司来说，借贷成本急剧上升。信用良好的家庭、企业、州和地方政府无法以合理的价格借款，这将进一步减少经济活动。此外，传统上依赖银行贷款的中小企业面临融资需求大幅增加的局面，因为它们正艰难应对可能倒闭或收入大幅减少的局面。为了支持对经济活动至关重要、以市场为基础的长期融资，美联储采取了一系列大胆举措。这些措施的目的是确保信贷流向借款人，从而支持经济活动。在财政部提供的信用保护下，3月23日，委员会宣布将通过建立定期资产支持证券贷款工具（TALF）来支持消费者和小企业贷款。TALF将以资产支持证券（ABS）为抵押发放贷款，ABS由新发行的汽车贷款、信用卡贷款以及其他消费者和小企业贷款支持。反过来，这些贷款将支持消费者获得这些重要类型的信贷。美联储还根据第13(3)条与财政部采取行动，通过一级市场企业信贷安排（PMCCF）和二级市场企业信贷安排（SMCCF），支持大型雇主的信贷需求。这些工具主要购买美国公司在2020年3月22日发行的投资级债券。通过购买这些债券，美联储能够降低投资级公司的借贷成本，从而促进经济活动。这两个工具的总购买额度高达7500亿美元，《救济法案》还提供750亿美元的额度。PMCCF的最后条款及操作细节已于6月29日公布，美联储随时准备购买新发行的公司债券及银团贷款，为寻求再融资或新融资的企业提供支持。SMCCF购买流通中的的公司债ETF，以促进二级市场的顺利运行。SMCCF是对PMCCF的补充，SMCCF能帮助改善二级市场的功能，从而有助于公司以合理的条件进入债券和信贷市场。SMCCF中的ETF购买计划于5月12日推出。本月早些时候，SMCCF开始逐渐减少对公司债ETF的购买，因为开始购买单个企业债，以更直接地支持二级市场顺利运作，增强市场流动性。购买量将取决于市场运行状况，目前的购买量处于非常低的水平。SMCCF工具下目前持有约100亿美元的债券和ETF。继3月底公布两项企业信贷安排后，公司债券市场的情况明显得到改善。投资级债券的信用利差扩大，只比2、3月份低一点点。一级市场的发行量强劲反弹，二级市场的流动性也有所改善，到4月中旬，专注于公司债的共同基金和ETF的资金净流出状况出现逆转。美联储还启动了“主街贷款计划”，该计划旨在向疫情爆发前财务状况良好的中小企业提供贷款。这些公司因为规模太小，无法直接通过债券市场融资，通常需要依赖银行贷款。根据主街贷款计划，银行先向符合条件的企业发放新贷款或增加现有贷款规模，之后可以向美联储出售这些贷款。《救济法案》给该计划批了750亿美元，美联储购买该计划下银行贷款的最大限额多达6000亿美元。美联储公布了该贷款计划下借贷双方需要签署的所有法律文件，贷款登记于6月15日开始。美联储将很快开始购买计划下银行手中的贷款。此外，美联储最近就扩大主街计划的提议寻求反馈意见，考虑将主街贷款计划扩大至非营利组织(如医院和大学)。非营利组织向全国各地提供重要服务，因此该项目也将向它们提供支持。这些变化将有助于该计划满足更多雇主的需求，这些雇主可能需要过渡融资来支持他们的运营和经济复苏。我们将在获取更多信息之后做进一步调整。虽然某些部门的企业受疫情的打击特别严重，在获得信贷方面仍然存在困难，小企业管理局的工资保障计划（PPP）利用现有的银行体系，满足了许多小企业的即时信贷需求。此外，在未来的几个月里，对那些疫情爆发前财务状况良好的中小企业来说，主街贷款可能是宝贵的资源。为了提高小企业管理局工资保障计划（PPP）的有效性，美联储于4月16日启动了工资保障计划流动性工具，小企业以PPP贷款为担保，可全额申请到该工具项下的流动性。截至上周，该工具购买了参与金融机构超过650亿美元的未偿还定期贷款。全美独立企业联盟（NFIB）5月发布的最新月度调查显示，小企业近几个月来的资金需求能够得到满足，主要就是由于工资保障计划（PPP）。此外，为了帮助州和地方政府更好地管理现金流压力，以继续为社区里的家庭和企业提供服务，美联储与财政部一起，根据第13(3)条，建立市政流动性安排（MLF），《救济法案》给该计划批了350亿美元，可以直接从美国各州、县、城等购买多达5000亿美元的短期债务。该工具于5月26日开始运作，迄今为止，MLF已购买了价值12亿美元的短期市政债券。MLF和其他工具的运用，给私募市场提供了后盾，市政债券市场已明显恢复了大半，从今年早些时候前所未有的压力中解脱出来。过去两个月，市政债券收益率大幅下降，发行量飙升，市场状况有所改善。美联储在第13(3)条授权下，基于紧急状况动用这些工具。当经济和金融状况有所好转，我们将把这些工具放回工具箱中。我们采取措施的最后一个领域是银行监管。为了鼓励银行利用自己的优势来支持家庭和企业，委员会做了一些调整，其中很多是临时性的。与2008年的金融危机不同，当前银行拥有大量的资本和流动性缓冲，且风险管理和运营弹性也均有所改善。美联储肩负重要使命，在过去几个月里，我们以非常快的速度采取了前所未有的措施。在这个过程中，我们承担起了对美国人民尽可能开诚布公的责任。我们坚定致力于公开透明，并认识到，在我们必须使用紧急权力的时期，透明度的必要性也就更加突出。我们将每月公布每个项目参与者的姓名和详细信息（包括借款金额、收取的利息以及每个项目的总成本、收入和费用）。我们认识到（我们采取的）这些行动只是更广泛的公共部门应对措施中的一部分，但我们仍致力于在这个充满挑战的时刻利用我们的各种工具来支持经济。国会通过了《冠状病毒援助、救济和经济安全法》(CARES 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