车企“造芯”潮涌，闯关刚开始｜经济周刊·焦点

广州日报10-08 23:33

“车企该不该自研芯片”这个问题有了阶段性的答案：新势力车企的算力芯片陆续上车，传统车企的功率芯片进入外供起步阶段。　　近段时间一系列标志性成果涌现。蔚来自研芯片累计出货量已超过55万颗；比亚迪发布中国首款4nm智驾芯片璇玑A3，已开启规模化量产；小米一口气推出三款自研芯片，其中玄戒D100被称作是国内首款3nm智驾高算力AI芯片。　　车企“造芯”正成趋势。　　然而，摆在面前的现实并不轻松。高算力...

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\"chip manufacturing\" trend is surging, and the challenge has just begun | Economic Weekly Focus","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":null,"symbols_score_info":{"81211":0.6,"159310":1.85,"688981":1.84,"NIO.SI":1.88,"FDRV":0.6,"NIOG":0.6,"HYDD.SI":0.6,"01211":1.89,"SMOG":0.6,"02015":1.91,"002594":1.89,"BYDDY":1.89,"EVS.SI":0.6,"09866":1.88,"00981":1.84,"LI":1.91,"NIO":1.88},"content_text":"“车企该不该自研芯片”这个问题有了阶段性的答案：新势力车企的算力芯片陆续上车，传统车企的功率芯片进入外供起步阶段。　　近段时间一系列标志性成果涌现。蔚来自研芯片累计出货量已超过55万颗；比亚迪发布中国首款4nm智驾芯片璇玑A3，已开启规模化量产；小米一口气推出三款自研芯片，其中玄戒D100被称作是国内首款3nm智驾高算力AI芯片。　　车企“造芯”正成趋势。　　然而，摆在面前的现实并不轻松。高算力SoC和高端MCU仍是短板，同时车企芯片部门的高管在流失。造芯这件事，上桌容易，把牌打好难。　　现状：自研芯片完成量产验证，外供尚待破局　　新势力车企：规模化落地，试水外供　　新势力车企是这轮造芯潮最积极的推动者。　　蔚来是目前新势力车企芯片上车规模最大的一家。其神玑NX9031是全球首颗车规级5nm智驾芯片，单颗性能相当于四颗英伟达Orin-X。截至2026年7月，累计量产超55万颗，并开始进入20万至30万元级别市场。　　小鹏的图灵芯片2025年三季度量产装车，截至2026年3月累计出货超20万片，二季度起全系车型切换至自研芯片，全年出货目标接近100万片。　　理想起步虽然稍晚，但动作很快。马赫M100芯片2026年5月随全新L9 Livis量产上车，5nm车规工艺，单芯算力1280TOPS，已应用于L9、L8及L6三款车型。　　传统车企：多点布局，路线各异　　比亚迪、吉利、长城、广汽、上汽、长安等传统车企在芯片领域的布局正在加速，但各自的切入点和节奏差异很大。　　以比亚迪为例，走的是“全栈覆盖、规模摊薄”的路线。2026年5月，比亚迪发布中国首款4nm智驾芯片璇玑A3，单颗算力约700TOPS，三颗协同超2100TOPS，支持L3、L4自动驾驶，已开启规模化量产。这是比亚迪的第567款车规级芯片，背后是比亚迪半导体拥有的设计、晶圆制造、封装测试全链路能力的IDM模式。　　吉利系芯擎科技则在座舱和智驾芯片上同时发力。龙鹰一号累计出货突破100万片，已在领克、红旗、大众等数十款车型搭载或定点，还拿下了德国大众的海外订单。　　长城汽车从最不起眼的车身控制芯片切入。长城技术中心孵化的紫荆半导体，推出了全球首款量产上车的RISC-V车规芯片M100，2025年底已量产上车，并规划五年内搭载量达到250万辆。　　广汽集团则推出了首款芯片设计100%国产化的智能新能源汽车昊铂GT攀登版，全车1004枚芯片全部实现国产设计，并联合上百家伙伴开发了51款芯片产品。 　　车规级芯片国产化率突破35%　　数据显示，2026年上半年车规级芯片国产化率突破35%，较两年前提升超10个百分点，但国产芯片90%以上集中在中低端功率芯片与通用MCU赛道，高端算力SoC国产化率仍不足5%。　　工信部提出到2027年自主品牌车规级芯片国产化率力争达到30%，并建立汽车芯片白名单动态管理机制。 　　挑战：三大难题待破解　　自研芯片虽然上车，但难题也随之而来。　　最直观的矛盾是盈利。乘联分会秘书长崔东树发布的数据显示，2026年1—8月汽车行业利润2534亿元，同比下降16%，销售利润率仅3.6%，较2025年全年的4.1%和2024年的4.3%进一步下滑。而一颗5nm车规级智驾芯片的全流程研发投入超过4亿美元，折合人民币约29亿元。　　芯擎科技副总裁蒋汉平在2026中国汽车论坛上指出，车规芯片要适配15年整车使用周期，单颗研发投入动辄几十亿元，但自动驾驶芯片的商用生命周期只有5年。普通车企销量体量不足以分摊高额研发费用，很难复刻特斯拉的盈利模式。　　商业闭环是第二道难题。蔚来李斌曾透露，过去依赖英伟达Orin-X，高峰时期一年要花费3亿美元采购资金，自研芯片“替公司省了很多钱”。但省钱不等于赚钱。蔚来神玑芯片虽然已接触外部客户，但外部收入“今年能有几个亿”，相比近30亿元的累计融资，这个数字还远谈不上商业化成功。理想的马赫芯片、碳化硅模组和增程系统正在推进对外供应，但业内人士分析，“第一批买家大概率不是大型车企”，因为竞争对手之间采购对方的核心芯片，商业信任的门槛远高于技术门槛。　　最后，人才流失是第三道坎。如理想汽车芯片部门在首款自研芯片马赫M100量产上车后，出现了核心人员密集离职。今年3月，芯片部门SoC负责人秦东离职；8月，软件研发负责人金一华离职；同期，智能驾驶芯片前端设计一组负责人戴颉确认离职。小鹏也有类似情况，2026年7月，AI基础架构部负责人陆思渊离职，其之前管理的团队负责自研芯片编译器与车端推理部署，是芯片上车的关键一环。芯片团队核心人员的出走，对刚刚量产的芯片业务的持续迭代能力构成了现实考验。　　探讨：芯片自研并不是什么人都能玩的　　值得留意的是，对自研芯片持审慎态度的车企不在少数。零跑创始人朱江明在今年6月就表示，当下AI智驾芯片性能已经过剩，市面上已有十余种选择，而全年需求不过一两千万片。　　长安汽车芯片方面的负责人史云朋在2026重庆汽车论坛上直言：“自研不一定好，不自研也不一定好。”他强调整车企业与芯片企业是共生关系，唯有产业链上下游通力配合才能加速国产化落地。　　这两家车企的态度，均显示出自研芯片并非适用于所有玩家。地平线创始人余凯则强调：“自研智驾及芯片只会是20%的顶尖车企所做的事情，剩下的80%车企将与智驾供应商合作。”　　业内指出，车企造芯走到今天，“要不要做”不再是核心问题，真正的考验在于如何持续做下去。采访中，不少行业专家和机构给出的方向趋于一致：要做好产业角色的“分工”、车企自身定位的“聚焦”以及合作上的“生态协同”。　　理想CTO谢炎给车企自研芯片算了笔账。他认为车企年营收要超过1000亿元、研发投入至少占10%，才有足够的预算支撑芯片研发。他同时强调，芯片必须让产品能力更强，“不是做了一个东西放在展台上好看，而是真的能装到车上、跑起智驾、用户体验有感知”。　　东吴证券在研报中给出了相近判断：OEM自研智驾芯片已从特斯拉的专属标签演变为头部车企的集体战略选项，“该路径对国内强势OEM具备高度可复制性”，头部新势力全自研智驾芯片有望于2025年至2026年集中实现流片量产。　　芯擎科技副总裁蒋汉平的建议更偏产业分工层面。他在2026中国汽车论坛技术领袖峰会上提出，车载芯片健康发展需要守住两条底线：技术端依据PPA（性能、面积、功耗）指标合理规划算力，拒绝粗放内卷；生态端分清车企、Tier1、芯片企业分工，“由芯片厂商规模化摊薄研发成本，车企负责定义需求，Tier1负责系统集成，各司其职比一窝蜂扎堆更有效率”。　　中国汽车芯片产业创新战略联盟秘书长原诚寅呼吁，产业链上下游应形成更紧密的协作关系，而非简单的供应商与采购商关系。　　观察：芯片自研本质是产业话语权之争　　车企造芯潮涌，然而真正在赚钱的，未必是造芯的车企自己。从业内来看，一颗5nm车规芯片从设计到量产，IP授权费、EDA工具费、流片费、封测费层层叠加，Arm、新思科技、台积电、日月光等企业拿走了产业链上最确定的那部分利润。车企承担了最大的不确定性和最长的回报周期，却未必能拿到最厚的利润。　　目前，车企自研芯片的商业化仍处在早期阶段，外供市场体量有限，技术验证、车规认证、客户信任等多重门槛仍待跨越。高昂的研发投入、漫长的验证周期、复杂的生态适配，意味着自研芯片不是万能解药，盲目投入很容易陷入持续烧钱却难以盈利的困境。　　业内普遍认为，眼下这轮造芯潮，大概率不会“百花齐放”。　　但芯片自研本质不是短期盈利生意，而是产业话语权之争，是厘清中国汽车产业的未来，是继续在别人的地基上盖楼，还是自己打地基。　　若把时间拉长来看，更合理的产业格局，是车企与专业半导体厂商分工协作，不同企业根据自身规模、技术路线选择差异化赛道。随着车规验证持续推进、出货规模逐步提升，车企自研芯片将从“配套自研”慢慢走向有限商业化，重塑汽车电子供应链的底层规则。（文章来源：广州日报）","kind":"news","is_publish_news":true,"is_publish_highlight":false,"is_publish_live":false,"is_publish_wemedia":false,"editions":null,"column":"","sentiment":"0","news_tag":"","news_rank":0,"isVideo":false,"video":null,"symbols":[],"gpt_button":1,"need_auth":false,"need_login_tip":false,"code":"91000000","status":"200"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"newsSizeData":{"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false},"APP":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 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