从工厂到供应链车企怎样管好“碳”？｜走进比亚迪工厂

21世纪经济报道06-02 21:47

2026年六五环境日即将到来，今年的主题为“全面绿色转型，共建美丽中国”。今年也是A股首个ESG强信披大考之年，所有上市公司需要按照交易所ESG指引和指南披露可持续发展报告。　　在汽车产业，新能源、智能化、全球化变革加速演进，零碳工厂与零碳园区建设正成为工业领域绿色转型的重要抓手，绿色转型与可持续发展也成为关乎车企长期竞争力的重要课题。　　车企在零碳工厂建设、可持续发展报告披露及绿色供应链方面进展...

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Factory","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":null,"symbols_score_info":{"81211":0.6,"002594":1.97,"HYDD.SI":0.6,"01211":1.97,"BYDDY":1.97},"content_text":"2026年六五环境日即将到来，今年的主题为“全面绿色转型，共建美丽中国”。今年也是A股首个ESG强信披大考之年，所有上市公司需要按照交易所ESG指引和指南披露可持续发展报告。　　在汽车产业，新能源、智能化、全球化变革加速演进，零碳工厂与零碳园区建设正成为工业领域绿色转型的重要抓手，绿色转型与可持续发展也成为关乎车企长期竞争力的重要课题。　　车企在零碳工厂建设、可持续发展报告披露及绿色供应链方面进展如何？围绕这些话题，比亚迪首席可持续发展专家潘亮近日对21世纪经济报道记者表示，绿色工厂与零碳工厂的建设有递进关系，但也有本质区别，“目前国内零碳工厂相关团体标准已有30余项，但各标准核算口径、评价规则不统一。虽然单一工厂获取单项国际认证门槛较低，但对于跨行业、多生产基地的集团型企业而言，不同认证结果不具备横向可比性。我们呼吁加快零碳工厂国家标准的制定发布，后续公司将全面按照国家标准开展零碳工厂建设与认证工作。”　　比亚迪已披露2025年ESG报告，潘亮表示，公司正在通过一系列减排技术，例如余热回收、智慧能源管理系统及以焊接工厂机器人休眠为代表的工艺端技术，逐步降低自身碳排放，实现碳中和；通过建立绿色供应链，与各方携手共建更加绿色、可持续的生态系统。　　零碳工厂追求“单一指标极致” 　　国家层面的零碳工厂政策在加速落地。　　“十五五”规划纲要和政府工作报告明确提出，深入推进零碳园区和工厂建设。今年1月，五部门联合印发了《关于开展零碳工厂建设工作的指导意见》，明确提出2027年在汽车、锂电、光伏、电子等领域培育一批零碳工厂。　　潘亮表示，比亚迪的业务完整覆盖汽车、锂电、光伏、电子等零碳工厂领域。虽然比亚迪已获评10家国家级绿色工厂，但绿色工厂与零碳工厂不同——绿色工厂追求“全要素优秀”，碳排放在其评价体系中并非核心指标；零碳工厂追求“单一指标极致”，聚焦温室气体排放，其评价标准要求自主减排措施覆盖的碳排放量大于“应减尽减”规定阈值后，才允许少量抵消，本质是能源结构和生产工艺的根本性重构。　　引用汽车行业来类比：“绿色工厂相当于将百公里油耗控制在符合较高技术标准的较低水平，零碳工厂相当于进一步要求能源结构和生产工艺的根本性重构，好比从混动直接切换至纯电驱动。评上绿色工厂的企业未必是零碳工厂，但绿色工厂资质为迈向零碳工厂创造了更好的申报基础。”潘亮对记者表示。　　3月31日，由中国电子技术标准化研究院牵头的国内首项零碳工厂基础通用领域国家推荐标准《零碳工厂通用要求》获批立项。“截至目前，国家层面尚未发布明确的建设指标和国标评价规则，行业亟待统一的标准出台。”潘亮表示。　　在碳排放方面，比亚迪2025年ESG报告显示，比亚迪年度温室气体排放总量为1226万吨二氧化碳当量，年度碳排放强度为0.1525吨二氧化碳当量/万元营收。值得注意的是，比亚迪为整体上市的企业，年度碳排放量包含旗下电池、汽车、电子等业务板块的排放量，其中汽车业务范围1、范围2排放量分别约占公司总排放量的20.46%、13.22%。　　“比亚迪2025年碳排放强度略有上升，主要受当期产品结构变化及新基地集中投产等短期结构性因素影响。目前，公司正持续加大节能改造力度，优化清洁能源结构，深化数字化管理，并不断扩大绿电采购规模。”潘亮对21世纪经济报道记者表示。　　据悉，比亚迪已经提出2045年全价值链碳中和目标，碳排放如何降低？潘亮对记者表示，公司采用焊接工厂机器人休眠技术，单台机器人节能超50%，并采用多类高能效节能设备与智能控制技术，年节约天然气62.96万立方米；电池业务天然气锅炉配备余热回收装置；极片干燥排风热回收率超80%，锅炉余热30%通过导热油回收，70%通过尾气回收，回收的热量全部用于发电；空压机余热回收在五大基地推广，替代天然气锅炉供热。　　在自身工艺节能之外，绿电采购与零碳园区建设是另一条关键减碳路径。 在范围2减碳方面，潘亮表示，2025年比亚迪通过采购绿电、认购绿证的方式，实现72.9亿千瓦时清洁电力使用，绿电占比同比提升，从源头削减外购电力隐含碳排放。在应用端，零碳工厂与零碳园区建设相辅相成。郑州航空港、汕头濠江、西宁南川三个园区已于2025年底入选首批国家级零碳园区试点名单，以“园中园”模式探索绿电直供和技术模式创新，将绿电替代与数字管理集成为可复制的制造端碳减排方案。　　追踪和量化供应商碳排是最大难题　　碳边境调节机制（CBAM）已于2026年1月正式进入征税期，钢铁、铝等物料被纳入首批征税范围，2028年还将扩围至汽车零部件。　　“CBAM对比亚迪的影响是一个动态演进的过程，主要有两方面。”潘亮对记者分析，首先从合规成本看，2026年1月起，钢铁、铝等物料已进入征税期，对整车出口和海外工厂都有一定的成本影响。且碳税成本会逐年上升，一方面由于欧盟碳价上行趋势，比如欧盟已公布2026年一季度证书均价约75欧元/吨，根据机构预测，2028年将超过110欧元/吨；另一方面CBAM还在不断扩围，2028年将囊括汽车零部件，这将进一步增加碳税成本。　　除了成本方面的压力，在供应链碳数据管理上也存在挑战。潘亮表示，欧盟给出的惩罚性默认值与实际排放值差异显著，且这一默认值在2026至2028年间还将分别被附加10%、20%、30%的惩罚性加成，如果企业无法提供实测数据而使用该默认值，单位产品的碳成本将变得很高。“因此，使用实测排放数据，是成本控制的优先路径，但上游原材料数据的获取需要穿透整个供应链去做碳管理，以上两方面对比亚迪来说都是不小的挑战。”　　而穿透整个供应链去做碳管理的核心挑战在于，这涉及从原料到回收的整个上下游，排放源高度复杂。“其中，追踪和量化上游数千家供应商的碳排放数据是业界公认的最大难题，直接影响核算的完整性和可信度。要获得精准数据，需投入大量资源与上游供应商建立数据采集机制，并采用符合国际规范的核算方法，这对整个供应链构成了显性的管理成本挑战。”潘亮对记者表示。　　在范围3数据核算、减排路径探索上，比亚迪已开展了部分基础工作，包括数字化工具和供应商协同生态。比亚迪自主研发了“i迪碳链”碳管理平台，整合了组织碳和产品碳两大模块，为集团提供了一个统一、可视化的数据管理中枢，是实现2045年碳中和目标不可或缺的基础设施。“同时，我们联合汽车工业行动小组（AIAG）和国际汽车监督局（IAOB）等国际协会进行‘汽车生产及相关服务件组织碳管理体系’建设，对全产业链碳管理提出全面化、标准化的约束要求。”　　同时，在绿色供应链建设方面，比亚迪确保原材料的可持续采购，为提升供应链管理的可持续性，公司采取了多项措施，包括对所有新进入的供应商开展现场准入审核；对所有供应商定期执行年度现场审核，审核指标包括供应商碳减排目标、废水/废物处置情况、环境合规水平等；对涉及冲突矿产、欧盟《电池法案》规定的关键电池原材料供应商，每年度开展尽职调查，要求供应商填写《比亚迪供应商企业社会责任调查表》，不满足要求的不予开发。　　“我们已把对供应商的组织碳核查、产品碳足迹核算与减排要求纳入《比亚迪供应商行为准则》。要求供应商在生产过程中逐步提高清洁能源使用比例、推进节能技术改造，鼓励采用新能源车辆，以降低运营过程中的碳排放。”潘亮表示，“此外，我们倡导供应商参与产品回收和再利用，推广循环经济理念，减少废弃物产生，提升资源利用效率。”　　潘亮介绍，做好全供应链、价值链的碳管理，是汽车企业必须承担的重要责任。比亚迪已组建专项合规工作组进行物料盘查和排放数据的核算准备，并行推进多项应对策略，包括产品级碳核算体系优先覆盖已征税品类，力争采用实测值申报；配套数字化碳管理系统同步建设，确保数据可追溯、可核证；公司首个欧洲乘用车整车制造基地——匈牙利塞格德工厂将于2026年下半年投产，一方面可通过本地化生产与本地采购，从源头减少对进口钢铁、铝等原材料的依赖，降低 CBAM 原材料环节的合规成本；另一方面，依托本地供应链，可提前积累欧盟碳核算、数据申报与第三方核查能力，为2028年CBAM扩围前完善碳合规体系构建争取宝贵的准备时间。（文章来源：21世纪经济报道）","kind":"news","is_publish_news":true,"is_publish_highlight":false,"is_publish_live":false,"is_publish_wemedia":null,"editions":null,"column":"","sentiment":"0","news_tag":"","news_rank":0,"isVideo":false,"video":null,"symbols":[],"gpt_button":1,"need_auth":false,"need_login_tip":false,"code":"91000000","status":"200"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"newsSizeData":{"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false},"APP":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; 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从工厂到供应链 车企怎样管好“碳”？｜走进比亚迪工厂

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从工厂到供应链车企怎样管好“碳”？｜走进比亚迪工厂