从印度对苹果公司反垄断案看发展中国家营商环境的改善

21世纪经济报道05-04 18:50

特约作者崔凡　　前不久，印度宣布小幅度放开其2020年以来开始的针对陆地接壤国家——实际上主要是对中国的投资限制，允许在持股比例不超过10%且不构成控股的情况下，通过自动途径审批投资；对于电子元件等重点制造业领域，给予60天内完成的快速审批通道。有朋友议论，是否可以考虑开展或者加大对印度的投资。2020年以前，笔者对印度市场也比较关注，但是近几年以来，印度市场呈现出非常复杂的局面，风险扩大，笔者...

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Apple","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f01348cb21563ec0d87607cbe66e44bb","symbols_score_info":{"AAPL":1.87,"AAPW":0.6,"MACW.SI":0.6,"APLY":0.6,"AAPY":0.6,"AAPD":0.6,"AAPB":0.6,"AAPX":0.6,"AAPU":0.6},"content_text":"特约作者崔凡　　前不久，印度宣布小幅度放开其2020年以来开始的针对陆地接壤国家——实际上主要是对中国的投资限制，允许在持股比例不超过10%且不构成控股的情况下，通过自动途径审批投资；对于电子元件等重点制造业领域，给予60天内完成的快速审批通道。有朋友议论，是否可以考虑开展或者加大对印度的投资。2020年以前，笔者对印度市场也比较关注，但是近几年以来，印度市场呈现出非常复杂的局面，风险扩大，笔者认为，对印投资目前总体应该持谨慎态度。　　一方面，印度经济增长速度仍然较高，另一方面，印度卢比出现较大幅度贬值。印度刚刚宣布国内生产总值超过日本成为全球第四，在2026年4月国际货币基金组织的数据中，印度国内生产总值就下滑到了第六。一方面，2024—2025财年（2024年二季度到2025年一季度），印度宣布吸收外资总额达到810亿美元，但同时存在大幅撤资，扣除撤资之后，国际货币基金组织显示同期吸收的外资仅为291亿美元，如果考虑到对外投资流出，净外国直接投资仅为9.59亿美元（印度官方早期公布数据为3.53亿美元），大幅度低于前一年的101.5亿美元。2025—2026财年印度预计将延续较高外资流入总额，但同时存在较大规模撤资和对外投资流出的局面。　　2020年以来，印度确实下了很大功夫吸引外资，最为典型的政策就是所谓“生产关联激励计划”，企业可以基于本地价值增值和增量销售获得政府的现金补贴，以鼓励内外资在印度本土投资生产。这一计划的效果在不同行业中各不相同，在印度国内也引来争议。而关键问题是，该政策包含明显扰乱国际贸易公平竞争秩序、违反世贸组织规则的禁止性补贴。中国已经在世贸组织中对此以及相关的对华限制性措施启动争端解决机制。实际上，对于某些产业，例如新能源产业，中国是认同实施一定的补贴的，但希望相关补贴不能违反世贸组织的非歧视原则，不能与出口、进口替代以及当地成分挂钩，要建立起一套公平的绿色补贴规则。当中国提出恢复世贸组织不可诉补贴条款并推动谈判为新能源产业建立补贴规则之后，印度予以反对，而且自搞一套，实施违反世贸组织规则的禁止性补贴和与贸易有关的投资措施，意图吸引新能源、电子、制药、汽车等领域制造业投资。　　印度在投资政策上对中国资本采取歧视态度，其最近对所谓陆地接壤国家投资限制的小幅度放松，并不能改变这种歧视性质。2006年，中印双方签署了一个双边投资保护协定，2007年8月生效，有效期为10年，同时规定可以自动续期。印度单方面通知中国该协定于2018年10月3日终止生效。此前已有的投资还可以在15年内享受协定保护。而从2018年10月3日开始新设的企业实际上已经得不到任何投资协定保护。在这样的背景下，对印投资尤其需要控制风险，特别是控制重资产大规模投资的风险。　　实际上，中国和印度在发展中国家应该如何打造营商环境方面已经给出了不同的答卷。特别是在反垄断问题上，印度近期的做法凸显了其政策的不确定性。印度一方面通过强调和美国的所谓价值观认同以推动美资向印度转移，另一方面对大型企业包括美资企业加大了反垄断力度。2023年，印度修改了其2002年竞争法，此后先后对谷歌、高盛、Meta等公司征收了罚款或者收取了和解金，而印度竞争委员会（CCI）针对苹果公司的反垄断案更是引人注目。　　2022年，印度竞争委员会开始对苹果公司进行反垄断调查。2023年，印度推出竞争法修正案，不久后即实施。新竞争法中一个重要的修改就是在处罚条款中，在“处以不超过过去三个财年平均营业额10%的罚款”后加了一个注解：营业额指企业全球产品与服务的总营业额。这一变化等于推翻了2017年印度最高法院在一个判例中确立的原则，即“相关营业额”原则，从而在计算罚款上限的时候把企业在印度之外的市场的营业额全部纳入进来了。虽然罚款金额还是要优先考虑相关营业额，但是理论上苹果公司被罚款的上限可以从9亿美元上升到380亿美元。更让市场感到意外的是，印度竞争委员会表示，营业额指的是全球营业额这一注解是一种解释性澄清，澄清了2023年竞争法以及2002年竞争法原文中立法者的意图。这种说法实际上等于将2023年竞争法的罚款标准溯及既往了，但印度竞争委员会认为这是一个解释性澄清，不存在违反不得溯及既往原则的问题。印度竞争委员会在5月21日还要就此案举行最后一次听证会，之后会罚款多少，是否会与苹果公司达成和解，以及相关的司法诉讼会如何发展，各界都还在拭目以待。但是，大型企业对于印度营商环境的不确定性已经感到了寒意。　　苹果公司的垄断问题，特别是“苹果税”问题，其实在其他一些地方包括中国、欧盟也存在。各国监管者根据各自国内法对苹果公司进行反垄断调查或者司法部门处理相关诉讼案，这是无可厚非的。但是，修改法律，监管部门又在事实上主张溯及既往，从而大幅度提高企业被罚款的风险，这是让投资者感到营商环境不确定性高的原因。　　如何营造有利于发展的营商环境，给投资者带来更大的确定性和可预期性，在这方面，中国经过了相当长时间的实践，摸索出了一些好的经验。在此基础上，中国首倡并团结一些发展中成员，在世贸组织中推出了《促进发展的投资便利化协定》。今年3月29日，世贸组织第14届部长会议期间，中国等129个协定参加方发布了联合部长宣言，宣布启动协定生效实施工作，并继续推动协定纳入世贸组织规则框架。实际上，在这届部长会议上，唯一阻挠协定纳入世贸组织规则框架的就是印度。《促进发展的投资便利化协定》强调投资法规透明度和可预见性，推动简化审批流程，鼓励负责任的商业行为和可持续投资，同时给予发展中成员特别是其中的最不发达国家一定的特殊与差别待遇包括实施时间的灵活度。对于这样一个能够改善全球投资营商环境的协定，印度坚持不同意纳入世贸组织规则框架。　　正如129个参加方联合部长宣言所表示的，协定生效实施工作已经启动，因为各参加方履行这一协定是有利于改善各方营商环境的，最终受益的是各参加方，特别是广大发展中成员。《促进发展的投资便利化协定》各成员也会继续耐心地做印度的工作，以寻求将协定纳入世贸组织规则框架。但是，在推动协定生效以及改善投资营商环境方面，各参加方是不会停下脚步来等待印度的。　　（作者崔凡，是对外经济贸易大学国际经贸学院教授、中国世界贸易组织研究会首席专家）（文章来源：21世纪经济报道）","kind":"news","is_publish_news":true,"is_publish_highlight":false,"is_publish_live":false,"is_publish_wemedia":null,"editions":null,"column":"","sentiment":"0","news_tag":"","news_rank":0,"isVideo":false,"video":null,"symbols":[],"gpt_button":1,"need_auth":false,"need_login_tip":false,"code":"91000000","status":"200"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"newsSizeData":{"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false},"APP":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 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