阿里云全光互联架构，突破AI算力瓶颈

科技行者02-28

本文来自微信公众号“电子发烧友网”，【作者】李弯弯。电子发烧友网报道（文/李弯弯）全球算力基建叙事生变，正从GPU时代迈向连接为王的通信时代。算力Scaling-law边际效益放缓，芯片间连接通信成系统算力释放的核心瓶颈，光互联逐渐替代铜连接，成为构建高性能AI网络的关键。近期阿里、腾讯均推出NPO（近封装光学）重大成果，其中阿里云全光Scale-up网络架构UPN512通过光互连直接连接xPU与...

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MULTI INCOME PLUS \"AT\" (USD) ACC","LU0823040885.USD":"东方汇理新兴市场焦点股票基金","LU0229945570.USD":"TEMPLETON BRIC \"A\" (USD) ACC","LU0396098781.USD":"ALLIANZ CHINA MULTI INCOME PLUS \"AT\" (USD) ACC","LU1224444064.USD":"ALLIANZ GEM EQUITY HIGH DIVIDEND \"AM\" (USDHDG) INC","LU0873338254.USD":"FULLERTON LUX FUNDS - ASIA GROWTH & INCOME EQUITIE \"I\" (USD) INC","LU2242644610.SGD":"Fidelity China Innovation A-ACC-SGD","LU0449515922.USD":"HSBC GIF GLOBAL EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY \"PC\" (USD)ACC","LU1224709979.USD":"FIDELITY CHINA FOCUS \"A\" (USD) ACC","IE0034224299.USD":"PINEBRIDGE ASIA EX JAPAN EQUITY \"A\" (USD) ACC","LU0605514214.HKD":"FIDELITY CHINA CONSUMER \"A\" (HKD) ACC","LU0149721374.USD":"HSBC GIF HONG KONG EQUITY \"AD\" INC"},"translate_title":"Alibaba Cloud's all-optical interconnection architecture breaks through the bottleneck of AI computing power","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":null,"symbols_score_info":{"89988":0.6,"BABA":1.95,"ALBmain":0.6,"09988":1.95,"HBBD.SI":0.6},"content_text":"本文来自微信公众号“电子发烧友网”，【作者】李弯弯。电子发烧友网报道（文/李弯弯）全球算力基建叙事生变，正从GPU时代迈向连接为王的通信时代。算力Scaling-law边际效益放缓，芯片间连接通信成系统算力释放的核心瓶颈，光互联逐渐替代铜连接，成为构建高性能AI网络的关键。近期阿里、腾讯均推出NPO（近封装光学）重大成果，其中阿里云全光Scale-up网络架构UPN512通过光互连直接连接xPU与交换机，采用单层CLOS拓扑实现512颗xPU的全互联，该方案彻底消除机柜内高速铜缆，显著降低布线复杂度、散热负担、供电需求及运维成本，功耗降低50%，成本下降30%。近封装光学NPO技术优势首先我们来看看什么是NPO及其优势。中国移动云能力中心此前发布过一份《云智算光互连发展报告》，该报告介绍，NPO的核心思想是，将光引擎非常靠近电芯片放置，但并不像CPO那样与电芯片共封装在同一基板或中介层上。它通常将光引擎安装在同一基板上，通过极短的高性能电气链路与电芯片相连，形成一个高度集成的系统，如下图所示。NPO将光引擎与电芯片物理分离，避免了电芯片的高温热量直接冲击光器件，散热设计更简单、高效。由于电芯片本身是巨大的热源，工作时温度很高，而激光器等光器件对温度极其敏感，所以，光引擎与电芯片共封装会导致波长漂移和性能下降。同时，由于光引擎未与电芯片共封装，NPO在可维护性层面具有优势，如果光引擎失效，只需更换光引擎子模块即可，避免了大量的维护成本。相比激进的CPO技术，NPO技术是一种更务实、风险更低的路径。并且，NPO与传统光模块相比，其性能远超传统光模块，其主要优势包括以下几点：NPO的光引擎拥有更大的可布置面积和更灵活的走线方案，可以方便地使用LGA封装，且有利于光引擎散热；NPO不影响电芯片原有设计，只对PCB或基板做差异设计即可满足不同需求；NPO与电芯片解耦，能够避免形成电芯片垄断问题；NPO可单独测试TP1的电信号质量，可归一化设备的驱动与固件，可测试性更好。产业界正在形成共识，未来光互联由Scale-up、Scale-out、Scale-across等多元网络连接场景共同驱动，各技术路线长期共存、并行发展。Scale-Up即垂直扩展，通过向单个节点添加更多硬件提升处理能力。在AI大模型训练里，它借助高速互联技术将单个节点多块GPU紧密相连，形成有超大共享显存池的“超级节点”，让单个模型能在统一显存空间高效训练，无需跨节点通信，是解决“内存墙”瓶颈的关键。Scale-Out是水平扩展，通过增加节点组成集群提升整体处理能力。当单个“超级节点”算力不够时，将成百上千个节点用高速网络连接成庞大计算集群，让模型训练任务可并行分布在众多GPU上。Scale-Across（跨区域扩展）是应对超大规模AI计算需求提出的“第三大支柱”范式。随着AI模型对算力需求爆炸式增长，单个数据中心在电力、散热、空间上接近极限，Scale-Across便是将不同城市、国家甚至大洲的多个数据中心用高速网络连接，形成协同工作的“超级巨型工厂”。随着AI大模型向千亿、万亿参数规模突破，训练与推理场景的高并发数据传输需求呈指数级增长，Scale up网络作为支撑算力高效释放的核心基础设施，规模也在迅速扩大。目前，Scale out层面可插拔光模块仍是首选，Scale up层面作为新兴光模块市场，技术高速迭代，NPO、CPO等方案同步演进。全球首款3.2T NPO模块成功点亮2025年10月，阿里云正式发布UPN512全光Scale-up架构白皮书，提出基于单层以太网光互连的全新设计，旨在打造“大规模、高性能、高可靠、低成本、易扩展”的xPU互联系统。UPN512通过光互连直接连接xPU与交换机，采用单层CLOS拓扑实现512颗xPU全互联，还为扩展至1K+节点预留架构空间。此方案消除机柜内高速铜缆，大幅降低布线复杂度、散热负担、供电需求及运维成本。NPO是UPN512架构的核心使能技术。它将光电引擎靠近主芯片部署，采用线性直驱技术，省去传统DSP芯片，实现功耗降低50%以上、成本下降30%、端到端时延与铜互连相当，且供应链更安全可控。与LPO相比，NPO带宽密度更高，对主芯片SerDes性能要求更低；和CPO相比，NPO采用标准LGA连接器，保持光模块开放解耦特性，更易被用户采纳。阿里云从3.2T NPO切入研发，基于OIF标准封装，在22.5mm×35.1mm尺寸内实现3.2Tb/s传输带宽。通过标准LGA连接器，光引擎与主芯片物理和电气解耦，延续开放生态。该模块支持硅光与VCSEL两种技术路线，适配不同场景。近日，阿里云宣布全球首款基于OIF标准封装的3.2T NPO模块成功点亮，标志着全光Scale-up进入工程落地新阶段。该模块基于两颗16通道收发一体硅光芯片，搭配线性直驱Driver/TIA芯片，采用2D封装工艺，具备快速量产潜力。其关键性能指标优异：发送端光眼图性能好，符合IEEE 802.3bs DR4标准，可与传统带DSP的DR4光模块无缝互通；接收端在1E-6误码率下，所有通道灵敏度优于-5dBm；典型功耗约20W，低于同带宽DSP方案。阿里云将3.2T NPO技术率先应用于新一代国产四芯片交换机。该设备单机集成4颗25.6T国产交换芯片，总交换容量达102.4T，可平滑演进至409.6T平台。目前，该交换机已完成整机上电与核心功能验证，进入长期可靠性测试阶段。写在最后在算力需求持续增长的当下，全球算力基建正经历深刻变革。算力中心多元网络连接场景驱动光互连技术发展。从目前的情况来看，可插拔光模块在未来几年仍是需求主力；NPO/CPO在柜内全光连接领域加速渗透，CPO进展超预期。此前市场对NPO较少关注，随着近期阿里云、腾讯在NPO方面的动作和进展，其技术优势想必会更多的被业界关注。整体来看，光互连行业市场空间将持续扩大。","kind":"news","is_publish_news":true,"is_publish_highlight":false,"is_publish_live":false,"is_publish_wemedia":null,"editions":null,"column":"","sentiment":"1","news_tag":"productRelease","news_rank":0,"isVideo":false,"video":null,"symbols":[],"gpt_button":0,"need_auth":false,"need_login_tip":false,"code":"91000000","status":"200"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"newsSizeData":{"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false},"APP":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; 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