美企大裁员转型路漫漫

经济日报02-07

在美国弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿拍摄的电脑屏幕，上面显示亚马逊购物网站的页面。新华社记者刘杰摄视频报道请扫二维码近日，美国就业市场接连传来震动。亚马逊、联合包裹服务公司（UPS）、陶氏化学等行业巨头相继宣布大规模裁员计划，预计总人数将超过5.2万。这为当前迷雾笼罩的美国经济增添了新的不确定性。此番裁员潮，本质上是经济周期、技术革命与宏观政策三重力量交汇之下，企业主动进行的一次大规模结构性重塑。首先，这是...

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杰摄视频报道请扫二维码近日，美国就业市场接连传来震动。亚马逊、联合包裹服务公司（UPS）、陶氏化学等行业巨头相继宣布大规模裁员计划，预计总人数将超过5.2万。这为当前迷雾笼罩的美国经济增添了新的不确定性。此番裁员潮，本质上是经济周期、技术革命与宏观政策三重力量交汇之下，企业主动进行的一次大规模结构性重塑。首先，这是...</p>\n\n<a href=\"http://gu.qq.com/resources/shy/news/detail-v2/index.html#/?id=nesSN20260207041715a6dccca3&s=b\">网页链接</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","isBrief":false,"type":0,"news_type":1,"symbol":"IE00BZ1G4Q59.USD","symbol_name":"LEGG MASON CLEARBRIDGE US EQUITY SUSTAINABILITY LEADER \"A\"(USD) INC (A)","start_time":0,"source_url":"http://gu.qq.com/resources/shy/news/detail-v2/index.html#/?id=nesSN20260207041715a6dccca3&s=b","article_id":"2609191345","we_media_id":null,"thumbnails":[],"rights":{"source":"tencent","url":"http://gu.qq.com/resources/shy/news/detail-v2/index.html#/?id=nesSN20260207041715a6dccca3&s=b","rn_cache_url":null,"customStyle":"body{padding-top:10px;}#news_title{font-weight:bold;#titleStyle#;}#news_description 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杰摄视频报道请扫二维码近日，美国就业市场接连传来震动。亚马逊、联合包裹服务公司（UPS）、陶氏化学等行业巨头相继宣布大规模裁员计划，预计总人数将超过5.2万。这为当前迷雾笼罩的美国经济增添了新的不确定性。此番裁员潮，本质上是经济周期、技术革命与宏观政策三重力量交汇之下，企业主动进行的一次大规模结构性重塑。首先，这是对疫情期间“过度扩张”的必要修正。2020年后，为应对激增的线上需求与大规模财政刺激，科技、电商、物流等行业曾经历一轮招聘热潮。如今，随着消费模式向常态回归，线上增速放缓，企业不得不对昔日的激进扩张进行回调。UPS首席财务官布莱恩·戴克斯直言，裁员与为亚马逊运送的包裹数量下降直接相关，目的在于调整规模。亚马逊也表示裁员旨在“削减管理层级、消除官僚主义”。这更多是企业基于市场变化的内部效率优化，而非业务萎缩的被动反应。其次，这是企业对以人工智能（AI）为代表的技术革命压力的战略回应。有分析指出，企业正越来越多地讨论利用AI降低劳动力成本。从亚马逊、微软的技术部门调整，到耐克为加快自动化而裁员，再到社交媒体公司Pinterest为“优先发展AI驱动的产品”而削减人力，无不显示企业正将资源从部分传统岗位，重新配置到面向未来的技术赛道。AI驱动效率提升、重塑岗位结构的趋势已十分清晰。再次，宏观政策环境正促使企业“瘦身健体”。为遏制通胀而维持的高利率环境，以及贸易政策的不确定性，持续推高企业运营成本与预期压力。在此背景下，企业倾向于采取保守策略，通过精简架构、聚焦高利润核心业务来提升抗风险能力。例如，UPS在裁员的同时，宣布将更多资源投向医疗物流、供应链解决方案等利润率更高的板块。这实质上是企业在复杂宏观环境下的一次主动性战略收缩与业务聚焦。有分析认为，目前整体裁员规模与疫情前相比并未异常偏高。美国劳工部数据显示，尽管裁员消息频传，但美国失业率仍维持在4.4%的相对低位。然而，这场结构性调整带来的“阵痛”不容忽视。当前，美国劳动力市场虽保持缓慢增长，但长期失业问题日益凸显。数据显示，美国2025年12月的平均失业时长已延长至24.4周，远高于2022年同期的19.4周，其中失业27周及以上的长期失业者比例为26%。高盛预计，在受AI影响最大的行业，每月净失业人数可能继续上升。此次裁员潮折射出美国经济正试图在控制通胀与保持增长之间寻求平衡。未来美国经济的健康程度，不仅取决于企业能否成功完成这场“瘦身健体”的转型，更取决于能否创造出足够多、具有竞争力的新岗位，以吸纳结构调整释放的劳动力。这条转型之路注定不会平坦。（作者：孙昌岳 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