15年卧薪尝胆，AMD凭啥把Intel踩在脚下？

芯通社02-03

引言：一家曾被嘲“濒临绝境”的公司，十年后竟让对手夜不能寐，AMD的绝地反击剧本比任何商战小说都更刺激。2011年，当Mark Papermaster加入AMD时，这家公司正躺在ICU里奄奄一息。他自己也承认：“几乎没人相信我们能成为行业的一员。”当时的AMD，CPU架构Zen还在纸上谈兵，服务器市场被Intel牢牢掌控，股价跌到谷底，内部士气低迷到极点。而今天，AMD已是台积电2nm工艺的首个...

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feet?","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":null,"symbols_score_info":{"AMDU":0.6,"AMD":1.97,"INTC":1.86,"AMDD":0.6,"04335":1.86,"AMDY":0.6,"AMDW":0.6,"AMYY":0.6,"AMDG":0.6,"DAMD":0.6,"AMDL":0.6,"AMUU":0.6},"content_text":"引言：一家曾被嘲“濒临绝境”的公司，十年后竟让对手夜不能寐，AMD的绝地反击剧本比任何商战小说都更刺激。2011年，当Mark Papermaster加入AMD时，这家公司正躺在ICU里奄奄一息。他自己也承认：“几乎没人相信我们能成为行业的一员。”当时的AMD，CPU架构Zen还在纸上谈兵，服务器市场被Intel牢牢掌控，股价跌到谷底，内部士气低迷到极点。而今天，AMD已是台积电2nm工艺的首个流片客户，从AI训练到数据中心，处处与昔日巨头Intel分庭抗礼。时间拉回15年前，那时的AMD处境有多惨？用一位业内老兵的话说：“就差在门口挂上‘转让’的牌子了。”市场份额被Intel挤压到不足20%，现金流紧张到连下一代芯片的研发都成问题。更糟糕的是，公司内部弥漫着失败者的气味，许多工程师纷纷跳槽，留下的人也不知道明天会怎样。就在这时，一个关键人物加入了AMD——Mark Papermaster，后来的AMD CTO兼执行副总裁。比现任CEO苏姿丰还要早2-3个月加入，Papermaster面临的是一个看似不可能完成的任务：带领AMD起死回生。他回忆道：“我们当时押注了Zen架构，这是公司翻身的全部希望。”第一代Zen实现了42%的IPC（每时钟周期指令数）跃升，这在业内被视为技术奇迹。但当时没多少人相信AMD能持续创新，大多数人都认为这只是昙花一现的“烟幕弹”。赌注AMD到底做了什么，让这家濒死企业完成惊天逆转？答案藏在两个关键技术决策中。第一个是Infinity Fabric芯片互联技术。这个在Zen架构之前就开始投资的技术，当年在AMD内部引发了激烈争议，甚至导致高管离职。但事实证明，正是这项技术成为AMD实现CPU/GPU无缝扩展、避免瓶颈的关键。第二个是Chiplet（小芯片）技术。这是AMD在企业级市场的重大赌注，带来了巨大回报。AMD目前仍是唯一大规模量产3D V-Cache的厂商，在游戏芯片领域保持四年技术领先。“将油门踩到底”，Papermaster如此描述那段时期的决策风格。公司把翻身全盘押注于打造具有领导地位的处理器，没有任何退路可言。直到第三代Zen架构才达到技术能力的“曲线拐点”，市场终于相信AMD已脱胎换骨，市场份额随之真正起飞。这是一个典型的“先被人嘲笑，再被人研究，最后被人模仿”的创新故事。方法AMD能在关键时刻做出正确决策，背后有一套独特的方法论。Papermaster将其称为“良性争论（healthy contention）”。在AMD内部，团队被鼓励对不同技术方案进行专业辩论以优化决策。这种文化不是无意义的争吵，而是基于数据和技术的深度讨论。“我们从没出现过需要推翻的微架构路线失误。”Papermaster自豪地说。即使发现晚期漏洞，AMD也有完善的容错机制，通过诊断和可替代性设计实现生产级补丁，确保用户端功能不受影响。这种工程文化上的严谨，是AMD能从低谷爬起的关键。Papermaster的职业生涯也为这种文化奠定了基础。他在IBM工作了26年，从模拟电路转向数字电路和微处理器设计，并主导了Power微处理器的研发。模拟电路的背景教会他：“永远不能忽视物理本质。即便拥有最先进的分析工具，最终还是要回归到：这符合物理规律吗？背后的科学原理扎实吗？”这种对物理本质的敬畏，被Papermaster带到了AMD，成为技术决策的基石。进攻今天的AMD已不再是那个追着Intel跑的小弟，而是全面布局AI时代的进攻者。2025年，AMD进行了十几笔收购，接纳数千名员工，其中最大的一笔是ZT Systems，这让AMD真正具备了机架级设计能力。现在，AMD已经在出货750瓦功耗的GPU，未来将向千瓦和两千瓦级别的设计迈进。2026年，随着下一代Instinct GPU与Helios机架的交付，AMD将从目前的数千节点训练能力跃升至支持数十万卡集群的AI基础设施。Papermaster透露，AMD正推行AI原生的芯片设计方法，“将AI视为得力助手，就像不会不带手机出门一样。”他们将AI重点应用于物理设计和设计验证，利用AI提升覆盖率、提前发现漏洞。然而在通用与专用之间，AMD选择了一条平衡路线：“我们仍然坚持通用CPU、GPU路线，因为算法在不断变化，我们始终需要通用计算能力。”这种灵活性可能是AMD长期战略中的又一精明之处。信念当被问到单核性能是否存在物理极限时，Papermaster的回答异常坚定：“技术节点的收益递减并不等于创新停滞。”他的信念植根于对摩尔定律的独特理解：“摩尔定律还没死，每当有人告诉你‘我们完蛋了’、‘遇到壁垒了’或者‘摩尔定律已死’，恰恰就是创新这一制胜法则发挥作用的机会。”这一信念正在转化为具体行动。AMD作为台积电2nm工艺的首个客户，正通过深度协同优化获取密度增益，以推进总体拥有成本（TCO）的下降。在CPU路线图上，Zen 7及后续架构将引入ACE引擎，提供更先进的灵活推理能力。Papermaster在访谈中勾勒出清晰的技术演进路径：CPU计算范式正在转变，未来不仅追求每瓦每平方毫米的性能，更要将推理能力融入CPU，并确保与GPU形成高效的异构计算协同。面对AI驱动的年度产品更新压力，AMD已建立了从长期研究（五年以上）、中期路径探索（三到五年）到当前产品开发的梯队式创新体系。收购赛灵思后，AMD研究团队规模翻倍，与产品开发团队深度合作，确保在前期设计阶段就具备竞争力。随着下一代Instinct GPU以及Helios机架即将面世，AMD正在做一件曾经难以想象的事：从追赶者变成领跑者。Papermaster坦言，2016年时行业判断元宇宙可能是前景更广阔的方向，却没人预料到AI的颠覆性影响会来得这么快。如今，AMD已站在AI计算的最前沿。那个曾经被嘲笑“快要倒闭”的公司，如今让整个行业重新思考什么叫做技术创新。摩尔定律或许没有死，它只是在等待像AMD这样的公司，用15年的卧薪尝胆，重新定义游戏规则。","kind":"news","is_publish_news":true,"is_publish_highlight":false,"is_publish_live":false,"is_publish_wemedia":null,"editions":null,"column":"","sentiment":"0","news_tag":"","news_rank":0,"isVideo":false,"video":null,"symbols":[],"gpt_button":0,"need_auth":false,"need_login_tip":false,"code":"91000000","status":"200"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"newsSizeData":{"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false},"APP":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; 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