从自建到收购：美国科技巨头的电力争夺战

高工储能2025-12-27

摘要缺电愈发急迫，美国科技巨头从买电到自建电厂再到直接收购。12月22日，谷歌母公司Alphabet宣布，将以47.5亿美元现金加承接债务的方式，收购美国大型清洁能源开发商IntersectPower及其多个数据中心能源项目，预计将于2026年上半年完成交割。这是美国科技巨头首次直接收购可再生能源开发商。业内普遍认为，这并非简单收购能源公司，而是谷歌和Alphabet应对AI时代能源瓶颈的战略升级...

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power","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":null,"symbols_score_info":{"GOOGL":1.96,"META":0.9,"USAW.SI":0.6,"AMZN":0.9,"GOOG":0.6},"content_text":"摘要缺电愈发急迫，美国科技巨头从买电到自建电厂再到直接收购。12月22日，谷歌母公司Alphabet宣布，将以47.5亿美元现金加承接债务的方式，收购美国大型清洁能源开发商IntersectPower及其多个数据中心能源项目，预计将于2026年上半年完成交割。这是美国科技巨头首次直接收购可再生能源开发商。业内普遍认为，这并非简单收购能源公司，而是谷歌和Alphabet应对AI时代能源瓶颈的战略升级。此前，谷歌已与Intersect建立合作关系，将在德州谷歌数据中心园区附近合作建设首个“数据中心+储能”项目Quantum。随着AI算力规模增长、电力需求激增，传统电网和购电合同已无法满足大型数据中心的扩容速度。谷歌CEO曾公开表态，AI所需电力甚至可能成为影响技术领先地位的一大约束因素。近年来，许多大型科技公司开始在数据中心旁边自建电厂，解决电网接入困难、用能成本高的难题，这种模式被视为AI时代的能源基础设施新玩法。不过，自建电厂最大的问题在于速度太慢了。而缺电的紧迫性愈发严峻，收购就来得更快更直接。这场“抢电”大战持续升级的背后，是一个更宏大的趋势：能源行业正在从供给驱动转向需求驱动，超大型算力需求方正在成为新的主导力量。买电到自建电厂过去十余年，美国科技巨头一直是全球最大的隐形用电大户。在可再生能源快速扩张、电网仍有冗余的云计算时代，它们通过长期购电协议（PPA）绑定风电、光伏项目，这种模式还能运行良好。但AI改变了一切。超大模型训练、高密度GPU集群、7×24小时不间断运行、瞬时负荷“过山车”式波动，导致数据中心对电力和电量（功率和容量）的需求出现数量级跃升。与此同时，美国电网基础设施老旧，输电线路更新缓慢，区域间电力调配能力不足，可再生能源并网排队时间漫长。当算力扩张速度远远快于电网建设周期，缺电成为愈发严峻的现实约束。今年，美国最大电网PJM的独立监管机构直接对外表示，现有电网无法满足新增数据中心的用电需求，新建数据中心必须自带发电设施。这相当于正式宣告：科技公司必须为自己“造电”。最先感受到缺电压力的，是美国头部科技公司。过去几年，谷歌、微软、亚马逊、Meta等公司，几乎同步做出一个变化：不再仅满足于签购电合同，而是开始深度介入发电端，自建或深度绑定发电资产。2020年，谷歌就提出构建7×24小时全天候零碳电力的目标，并意识到储能是刚需。2024年，谷歌与Intersect合作建设“数据中心+储能”项目Quantum，在德州数据中心园区附近同步规划光伏与储能，预计2027年完成建设。早在2023年微软与核聚变能源公司Helion Energy签署了全球首个用于商业核聚变电力的长期购电协议，计划从Helion将来建设的核聚变电厂采购电力，不过最快也要到2028年才能用上。同年6月，微软与Constellation Energy签署了20年购电协议，以支撑其位于弗吉尼亚州的数据中心。该方案结合了风能、太阳能等可再生能源以及核能，旨在让该数据中心实现接近全天候100%清洁电力供应的目标，但核电也是2028年左右才能实现运营和交付。2024年，亚马逊也开始自建电力设施，在风电、太阳能之外，还探索与核电厂直连的供电模式。Meta（Facebook）也为其AI集群自建天然气发电设施，以应对老旧电网无法支撑能源需求高速增长的问题。自建太慢，收购提速此前，在这些科技巨头看来，自建电厂几乎是最理想的解决方案，不仅实现能源可控、稳定、成本可预测，还能实现低碳目标。这些举措的共同逻辑是，电网来不及，我自己来。但问题在于，自建电厂的速度太慢了。站在科技公司的发展时间轴上，这套逻辑存在漏洞，周期不匹配成了自建电厂的最大缺陷。美国一个大型新能源项目，从选址、审批到并网，往往需要3–5年甚至更长的时间；核能项目周期更长，8–15年并不罕见；即便是天然气电厂，也面临审批、环保、管道配套等不确定性。而AI数据中心的扩张节奏却是以季度甚至月度为单位计算。这就造成了一个严重错配，算力扩张是“互联网节奏”，能源建设却是“基础设施节奏”。当这一矛盾持续放大，自建电厂开始显得力不从心。美国科技巨头对缺电的态度，也发生了微妙变化。过去往往强调绿色、可持续、长期目标，而现在，越来越多企业高管开始强调缺电的紧迫性，电力成为AI竞争的硬约束。谷歌CEO Sundar Pichai公开表示，AI所需的能源规模，已经成为公司战略层面的重要变量。谷歌母公司Alphabet以47.5亿美元收购的清洁能源开发商Intersect Power，并不是一家传统意义上的发电企业，而是一家集光伏、储能、项目开发与电力交付能力于一体的能源平台型公司。更重要的是，它手中握有大量在建、可快速投产、靠近数据中心的能源项目。此前，谷歌与与Intersect合作建设“数据中心+储能”项目Quantum，在该项目上，谷歌只是深度合作方，并非所有者。而这笔交易释放了一个明确的信号：谷歌已经不满足于参与能源建设，而是要直接接管能源供给能力。相比自建，并购带来的优势是压倒性的。一是时间被极度压缩。从立项到供电，不用耗费多年，而是直接接管准成品；二是直接获取能源开发能力。不只是电厂，还有团队、经验、地方资源和审批能力。这已经不是传统能源投资，而是一种算力基础设施的快速整合。当科技巨头开始自建电厂、直接并购能源开发商，绕过传统电网体系开始点对点供电，直接影响美国能源行业的结构性变化。如果说过去几十年，能源行业的主导权掌握在公用事业公司、大型能源集团、电网运营商手中，那么现在，超大型算力需求方正在成为新的主导力量。从自建到收购，美国科技巨头的路径变化，本质上只有一个原因：缺电来得太快了。在AI驱动的算力竞赛中，芯片不再是唯一瓶颈，土地不再是最大约束，电力正在成为新的战略资源。谁能更快拿到电，决定了谁能更快提升算力，能源不再是后台系统，而是被推到了科技竞争的前台。可以预见的是，未来几年或将看到更多科技巨头并购能源开发商、投资下一代核能、布局长时储能技术的案例。能源开发与科技发展之间的界限正在模糊，一场围绕“电力主权”的深度竞合已然展开。","kind":"news","is_publish_news":true,"is_publish_highlight":false,"is_publish_live":false,"is_publish_wemedia":null,"editions":null,"column":"","sentiment":"0","news_tag":"merge","news_rank":0,"symbols":[],"gpt_button":0,"need_auth":false,"code":"91000000","status":"200"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"newsSizeData":{"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false},"APP":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 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