苹果这颗划时代的芯片，走向何方？

半导体行业观察2025-12-25

说苹果的M系列处理器撼动了计算机行业，这绝非夸张。蒂姆·库克宣布公司放弃英特尔芯片，转而为Mac电脑采用自研芯片五年后，从最初的M1到现在的M5，M系列芯片不断刷新性能和能效的标杆。它让所有人重新思考基于Arm架构的无限可能。虽然事后看来M系列的成功似乎是必然的，但并非一开始就注定如此。毕竟，搭载英特尔芯片的Mac电脑已经畅销多年，而从x86架构转向ARM架构可能会带来灾难性的后果。然而，当苹果的...

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href=http://gu.qq.com/resources/shy/news/detail-v2/index.html#/?id=nesSN20251225093617a6cc62a8&s=b><strong>半导体行业观察</strong></a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>说苹果的M系列处理器撼动了计算机行业，这绝非夸张。蒂姆·库克宣布公司放弃英特尔芯片，转而为Mac电脑采用自研芯片五年后，从最初的M1到现在的M5，M系列芯片不断刷新性能和能效的标杆。它让所有人重新思考基于Arm架构的无限可能。虽然事后看来M系列的成功似乎是必然的，但并非一开始就注定如此。毕竟，搭载英特尔芯片的Mac电脑已经畅销多年，而从x86架构转向ARM架构可能会带来灾难性的后果。然而，当苹果的...</p>\n\n<a href=\"http://gu.qq.com/resources/shy/news/detail-v2/index.html#/?id=nesSN20251225093617a6cc62a8&s=b\">网页链接</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","isBrief":false,"type":0,"news_type":1,"symbol":"LU2462157665.USD","symbol_name":"ALLIANZ GLOBAL INCOME \"A\" (USD) 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going?","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":null,"symbols_score_info":{"AAPL":1.97,"MACW.SI":0.6},"content_text":"说苹果的M系列处理器撼动了计算机行业，这绝非夸张。蒂姆·库克宣布公司放弃英特尔芯片，转而为Mac电脑采用自研芯片五年后，从最初的M1到现在的M5，M系列芯片不断刷新性能和能效的标杆。它让所有人重新思考基于Arm架构的无限可能。虽然事后看来M系列的成功似乎是必然的，但并非一开始就注定如此。毕竟，搭载英特尔芯片的Mac电脑已经畅销多年，而从x86架构转向ARM架构可能会带来灾难性的后果。然而，当苹果的内部测试表明M1架构比英特尔架构快得多时，该公司确信自己做出了正确的决定。五年前的M1 MacBook Air至今仍能与竞争对手一较高下，这足以证明M系列的强大实力。为庆祝 M 系列芯片发布五周年，我们采访了苹果公司平台架构副总裁 Tim Millet （蒂姆米勒）和 Mac 及 iPad 产品营销副总裁 Tom Boger，深入了解苹果公司如何研发这款芯片。我们还与 Mac 用户交流了 M 系列 Mac 如何改变了他们的工作流程，并与行业分析师 Avi Greengart 探讨了他对 M 系列的看法。M芯片的起源：摆脱英特尔苹果公司于2006年从PowerPC架构转向英特尔架构。这段合作关系一直持续到2020年，之后苹果开始逐步淘汰搭载英特尔处理器的Mac电脑，转而使用M系列芯片。考虑到与英特尔长达数十年的合作，做出这个决定并非易事。蒂姆·米勒表示：“苹果公司做出这个决定绝非轻率之举。我们与英特尔有着非常牢固的合作关系。他们是优秀的芯片合作伙伴。2006年我们过渡到英特尔芯片时，我就在公司，那是一次非常棒的过渡，我认为这无疑为Mac注入了新的活力。”尽管风险可能很大，但苹果公司此前已积累了为 iPhone 和 iPad 开发芯片的经验。这使该公司拥有了开发自有 Mac 处理器的知识和信心。“我们当时在为手机研发芯片，组建团队，提升能力，并与代工厂建立合作关系，”米莱特说。“我们在这个过程中积累了丰富的经验，并且做得非常出色。随着我们将业务拓展到iPad领域，这让我们能够更好地扩大规模。”苹果公司在 iPad Pro 上的经验让他们得以构想出一款同样适用于 Mac 的处理器。他们与软件团队进行了深入探讨，以找到有效实现这一目标的方法。苹果的目标不仅是打造一款性能超强的芯片，还要兼顾节能。“这花了我们不少时间，”米勒说。“我们花了很长时间才说服自己，也花了很长时间才说服管理团队和市场营销团队，让他们相信：‘嘿，我们认为我们可以做到，而且我们认为这可能会是一件特别的事情。’我们一直非常密切地关注对Mac来说真正重要的东西。”幸运的是，苹果公司拥有经验丰富的Mac专家，他们从业30年，能够为团队提供Mac所需的一切重要信息。蒂姆·米勒认为，这正是帮助团队打造M1芯片的秘密武器。“我一生的大部分时间都在从事芯片架构设计工作，”米勒说，“能够在芯片构建过程中与软件和系统团队并肩作战，这至关重要，因为你无需猜测。你确切地知道自己在构建什么，确切地知道它将如何使用。这样你就能把精力集中在最重要的事情上。”“顿悟”时刻有了M1芯片的设计理念后，苹果很快就开发出了原型。团队对预期结果有所了解，但即便如此，最初的成果还是让他们感到惊讶。“感觉就像第一次接触Mac电脑一样，”汤姆·博格说道。“打开系统，看到电池电量指示器纹丝不动，不禁怀疑软件是不是出了问题。我永远不会忘记第一次带着那台电脑四处走动的情景。我迫不及待地想让全世界再次体验Mac电脑。”蒂姆·米勒说：“我们很早就开始探索原型，电池续航时间无疑是其中一个重点。因为我们是从手机开始构建这个引擎的，所以我们添加的所有模块都体现了我们[实施的]超高能效理念。”现在看来，将 iPhone 电池的基本组件移植到 Mac 上似乎是理所当然的。考虑到 MacBook 电池的容量，苹果早就预料到续航能力会非常出色。正如 Milet 所说：“这就像用一个原本只能在很小的能量池里运行的设备，获得了海洋般的能量。”另一个重大发现是团队从M1处理器的CPU中获得的性能提升，尤其是在苹果认为英特尔的每瓦性能已经停滞不前的情况下。他们能够在“大幅”降低的频率下，从M1处理器中榨取更多性能。“真正带来巨大改变的，是我们对能效的重视，而不仅仅是电池续航时间，”米勒说道。“我们能够在既定的设备散热限制内，实现卓越的计算性能，并将其融入到我们精心打造的经典 MacBook Air 机身中……我认为这为 MacBook Air 的故事画上了圆满的句号。这就是乔布斯当初设计 MacBook Air 时，我们心中的梦想。”于 MacBook Air 和 iPhone 都采用了苹果自主研发的芯片，软件团队更容易专注于打造统一的平台。这使得团队能够启用许多用户已经在 iPhone 上使用的应用程序。对于同时也是 Mac 用户的 iPhone 用户来说，这让他们感到似曾相识。“这才是真正的魔力所在，”米勒说道。汤姆·博格的另一个“顿悟”时刻是第一次打开MacBook Air M1，看到它瞬间唤醒。这款笔记本电脑整体的流畅操作也让他印象深刻。“它带给我一种前所未有的Mac体验。”统一架构M 系列的统一架构是其最显著的特点。将 CPU、GPU、神经网络引擎和内存集成到单个芯片中，实现了 Mac 用户在过去五年中一直享受到的卓越性能和出色能效。得益于这种架构，开发者不再像使用传统硬件（CPU、GPU 和内存分离）那样受到诸多限制。米勒表示：“在 iPhone 和 iPad 上，内存系统的带宽足以满足 GPU 的需求。但我们也需要为 CPU 提供足够的容量。因此，当我们在 Mac 上推出 M1 芯片时，内部开发人员便会惊叹：‘天哪，我现在可以在 GPU 中操作，在 CPU 和 GPU 之间来回移动这些缓冲区了！’” 这些开发人员还可以将这些缓冲区在视频加速器和媒体加速器之间来回移动。这是架构上的根本性转变，使开发人员能够真正不受限制地进行操作。例如，您无需再担心在一个地方生成镜像，然后通过 PCI Express 将其传输到另一个内存系统。现在只有一个大的内存池。蒂姆·米勒表示，将这种统一架构引入Mac电脑，以一种前所未有的方式将其推向了主流计算领域。虽然M1并非首款采用这种架构的处理器，但将其应用于如此流行的笔记本电脑，使其影响力更大。“我认为（统一架构）即使在今天仍然能带来丰厚的回报，尤其是在人工智能领域，”汤姆·博格说道。“在设备上运行大型语言模型时，我们可以利用整个内存池，你可以用一台MacBook Air运行拥有数百亿个参数的语言模型，也可以在超高性能芯片上运行拥有数千亿个参数的语言模型，这一切都归功于统一内存架构的神奇之处。”神经网络引擎过去两年，像 ChatGPT 这样的大型语言模型 (LLM) 一直占据着新闻头条。这催生了“人工智能笔记本电脑”，它们利用 NPU（神经处理单元）来执行人工智能驱动的任务。虽然配备NPU（神经网络处理单元）的计算机听起来很新颖，但苹果的M系列芯片从一开始就内置了神经网络引擎。尽管苹果最初并未像宣传整体性能和效率那样过多地提及神经网络引擎，但该公司现在声称M5处理器是迄今为止最强大的AI芯片。显然，AI是M系列芯片的一项重要功能。“我们在2017年就为iPhone推出了神经网络引擎，但当时它主要应用于计算摄影，”蒂姆·米勒说。“那时还没有聊天机器人、LLM之类的东西。”对于 M1 芯片，蒂姆的团队表示他们需要重新设计处理器的神经网络引擎。他当时并不确定这有何意义，但他指示团队继续推进。正是由于这个决定，M1（以及整个 M 系列）才得以应对我们目前正在经历的人工智能浪潮。虽然神经网络引擎的存在是为了辅助人工智能驱动的任务，但苹果并没有将这些任务局限于该引擎本身。“当我们绝对需要最节能的解决方案时，神经网络引擎就派上用场了，但我们也有强大的GPU，可以同时运行它们，”米勒说。“对于开发者来说，这是一种非常便捷的方式，可以投资扩展媒体驱动型应用中的神经网络计算能力。”M系列芯片“释放了苹果”苹果公司在Mac电脑上从英特尔芯片转向M系列芯片，不仅对计算机行业产生了影响。可以说，这对苹果公司自身也具有变革性意义。“这真的释放了苹果的潜力，”消费技术分析师兼Techsponential创始人Avi Greengart表示，“它赋予了苹果梦寐以求的控制权，以及将资源分配给芯片特定部分的灵活性。有些年份他们专注于CPU，有些年份则专注于GPU。这种架构本身就具有优势，因为内存是封装的一部分，CPU和GPU可以共享内存，而无需GPU依赖单独的内存。”这种灵活性为苹果带来了双重优势：技术性能和战略独立性。不再受制于英特尔较为缓慢的产品路线图，苹果实现了自摩托罗拉时代以来前所未有的差异化。格林加特表示，这种转变也从“我们的软件更好，所以电脑性能更好”转变为“我们的软件和硬件都更好，所以电脑性能更好”。苹果对每瓦性能的关注同样具有变革性意义。过去业界关注的是原始功率，而苹果则选择强调能效。正因如此，MacBook 现在无需连接电源即可提供令人印象深刻的性能。“能够在长达 15 小时无需充电的情况下，获得接近高端 GPU 性能的相当一部分，这令人难以置信——而这在 M 系列之前是无法实现的，”格林加特说道。这一转变迫使AMD、英特尔和高通等竞争对手重新思考各自的能效策略。“苹果转向自主研发芯片彻底颠覆了整个行业，为高通骁龙芯片的更广泛应用打开了市场，使其能够被需要更具竞争力的产品的PC OEM厂商所接受。这也促使AMD和英特尔提升其产品的每瓦性能。”鲜有人预料到的是，凭借规模经济和垂直整合，苹果公司也获得了其他公司无法企及的成本控制优势。苹果长期以来都与高端定价联系在一起，但M系列处理器在一定程度上改变了这种看法。格林加特说：“我们看到苹果公司以不到1000美元的价格出售超高端电脑——这并非所有人都预料到的。人们通常认为苹果是高端品牌，因为它主要面向高端市场。但M系列，尤其是使用M1等老款芯片时，让苹果能够将强大的处理器装入面向高中生的笔记本电脑中。与此同时，你还可以买到搭载最新芯片的iMac——我在M4发布当天就买了一台，那完全是性能过剩。”分析师告诉我们，即使你只是打算用 M 系列 MacBook 来上 Facebook 和收发电子邮件，它也能保证在很长一段时间内保持强大的性能和快速的运行速度。M系列对Mac用户的影响苹果公司向自研芯片的转型，以出乎许多人意料的方式重塑了计算格局，同时也让用户的生活更加便捷。泰勒·斯塔尔曼（Tyler Stalman，以其热门 YouTube 频道而闻名）和大卫·斯托特（David Stout，WebAI 联合创始人兼首席执行官）就是其中的两位用户。他们分别分享了使用搭载 M 系列芯片的 Mac 电脑的感受和体验。“M1时代显然是一次巨大的飞跃，”泰勒·斯塔尔曼说道。“在此之前，你必须小心在笔记本电脑和台式机上使用不同的编解码器。不同的机器能够处理不同级别的4K视频和压缩。而现在，只要我带着我的MacBook Pro，我就可以处理任何视频，它都能流畅运行。除非你开始添加多层特效或使用AI，否则不会出现卡顿。但现在，我使用的每一台Mac电脑都能完成所有基本的剪辑工作。”谈到M系列MacBook如何改变或提升了他的工作流程，Tyler表示，最大的不同之处在于他不再需要在台式机和笔记本电脑之间做出选择，就能获得所需的性能。以前，他会在出差时用笔记本电脑处理一些轻量级的工作，而把繁重的任务留给台式机。现在，有了16英寸的MacBook Pro，他不仅能获得所需的全部处理能力，还能拥有适合视频剪辑的大屏幕。泰勒表示：“M系列芯片上新增的更多板载编码器和解码器核心，极大地提升了视频编辑的体验。随着苹果公司对M系列芯片的更新，他们增加了更多专用的视频编码和解码芯片。他们将原本由CPU和GPU处理的任务转移到这颗芯片上，从而显著提高了速度。”David Stout 的 WebAI 创建了一个名为 webFrame 的 AI 库，该库旨在直接与 Apple 芯片配合使用。因此，他的公司可以充分利用芯片上的统一内存。“由于内存是共享的，因此减少了内存复制操作，从而大大加快了推理速度，并充分利用了这些模型的架构处理能力。Apple 芯片带来的性能提升是我们一直在优化的方向之一。”迭代生成从英特尔到M1的飞跃是巨大的。然而，人们普遍认为后续几代产品充其量只是迭代改进。随着2纳米芯片的出现，一些人认为苹果和其他厂商可能会遇到瓶颈。但苹果坚信M系列芯片仍有更大的发展空间。“我想指出的是，每一代芯片的成功都从未间断，对吧？”汤姆·博格说道。“我们并没有在推出M1之后就止步不前。我们一直都在加速前进。因此，在苹果芯片和M系列芯片方面，我们每年都在取得进步。”博格还表示，M5 的 GPU AI 计算能力比 M1 提升了六倍。此外，M 系列产品线的规模也相当可观，其中包括最新款 iPad Pro 和 14 英寸 MacBook Pro 中使用的 M5 芯片。“我们进一步扩展了 Apple 芯片的性能，”博格说道，“回顾过去，我们每年都在不断进步。”蒂姆·米勒也表达了类似的观点，他说他的团队不会沉湎于过去。“我们正全力以赴，并将始终保持制程工艺的领先地位。我们致力于研发能够助力打造包括Mac在内的众多卓越产品的芯片，对此我们丝毫没有放松。我们对已取得的成就感到满意。”MacBook 设计的未来2021年，苹果发布了全新实用且更纤薄的MacBook Pro设计。MacBook Air最终在2022年采用了这种设计。近三年过去了，MacBook的外观基本保持不变。这自然引发了人们的疑问：苹果何时会重新设计MacBook，以及M系列芯片是否会影响其设计选择？“我们与设计和软件团队并肩工作，共同畅想各种可能性，”米勒说道。“当我们最终确定诸如新型显示屏或新功能之类的方案时，所有这些都离不开芯片的支持。我们努力寻找在不快速消耗电池电量的前提下，实现我们想要提供的用户体验的方法。”汤姆·博格精辟地总结道：“蒂姆设计的芯片就像冰球滑行到冰球将要到达的地方一样。”M系列芯片的未来据 Avi Greengart 称，展望未来，苹果公司可以采取多种措施，因为它掌控着自身的芯片设计。其中一项措施取决于其人工智能战略和合作伙伴关系。如果苹果公司能够推进更先进的模型并实现更多设备端处理，它就能在提升用户隐私和数据安全的同时，为用户提供原本需要云端才能实现的功能。格林加特表示：“苹果能够自主选择NPU的大小，同时还能开发相应的软件来充分利用它，这使它与英特尔或高通相比拥有了另一种优势。高通和联发科的NPU都非常强大，但如果微软或独立软件开发商不去利用这些强大的性能，就会造成浪费。相比之下，苹果只会包含它确定会用到的部分。”格林加特还表示，另一个值得关注的领域是蜂窝网络集成。苹果已经拥有调制解调器，他预计该公司最终会将其集成到芯片上。“让每台Mac都成为蜂窝网络Mac的能力非常有趣。苹果只有在拥有合适的连接关系的情况下才会追求这一点，就像它在iPhone和iPad上建立的那种关系一样。这些能力都来自于自主设计芯片，即使苹果并不自己生产芯片。”苹果的M系列处理器不仅提升了Mac的性能和能效，更重新定义了人们对电脑的期待。通过将能效与强大的计算能力相结合，苹果的芯片使得笔记本电脑拥有惊人的电池续航能力，同时性能也堪比传统台式机。五年过去了，我们仍然能感受到苹果颠覆性处理器带来的影响。英特尔、AMD 和高通等竞争对手如今都在争相效仿苹果对每瓦性能的追求。普通用户也受益于统一内存等功能，这些功能帮助他们更快、更高效地完成工作。展望未来，我们或许会看到更深入的人工智能集成、全新的设计，甚至可能出现支持蜂窝网络的Mac电脑。苹果也可能给我们带来意想不到的惊喜。无论如何，M系列芯片给整个行业带来了巨大的变革，未来五年乃至更长的时间里，苹果又将推出哪些产品，着实令人期待。参考链接https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/cpus/apples-m-series-chip-gamble-5-years-later-how-ditching-intel-revolutionized-computing-and-whats-next（来源：编译自tomsguide）*免责声明：本文由作者原创。文章内容系作者个人观点，半导体行业观察转载仅为了传达一种不同的观点，不代表半导体行业观察对该观点赞同或支持，如果有任何异议，欢迎联系半导体行业观察。","kind":"news","is_publish_news":true,"is_publish_highlight":false,"is_publish_live":false,"is_publish_wemedia":null,"editions":null,"column":"","sentiment":"0","news_tag":"","news_rank":0,"isVideo":false,"video":null,"symbols":[],"gpt_button":0,"need_auth":false,"need_login_tip":false,"code":"91000000","status":"200"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"newsSizeData":{"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false},"APP":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; 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