热点丨谷歌 Meta联手，用TPU+PyTorch击打英伟达软肋

AI芯天下2025-12-22

前言：谷歌与Meta宣布深化合作，让PyTorch更好地原生支持Google TPU。这是一次绕开英伟达CUDA生态、直击其护城河根基的系统性动作。这不是一次简单的[反英伟达联盟]，而是一次云厂商×超级应用厂商，对算力话语权的再分配尝试。作者| 方文三图片来源|网络英伟达的CUDA护城河与行业集体焦虑市场普遍认为，英伟达的优势在于GPU性能领先、制程先进、HBM和NVLink技术强，但这些都是...

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href=http://gu.qq.com/resources/shy/news/detail-v2/index.html#/?id=nesSN20251222203611a46a7aa4&s=b><strong>AI芯天下</strong></a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>前言：谷歌与Meta宣布深化合作，让PyTorch更好地原生支持Google TPU。这是一次绕开英伟达CUDA生态、直击其护城河根基的系统性动作。这不是一次简单的[反英伟达联盟]，而是一次云厂商×超级应用厂商，对算力话语权的再分配尝试。作者| 方文三图片来源|网 络英伟达的CUDA护城河与行业集体焦虑市场普遍认为，英伟达的优势在于GPU性能领先、制程先进、HBM和NVLink技术强，但这些都是...</p>\n\n<a href=\"http://gu.qq.com/resources/shy/news/detail-v2/index.html#/?id=nesSN20251222203611a46a7aa4&s=b\">网页链接</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","isBrief":false,"type":0,"news_type":1,"symbol":"LU1496350502.SGD","symbol_name":"FRANKLIN DIVERSIFIED DYNAMIC \"A\" (SGDHDG) 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络英伟达的CUDA护城河与行业集体焦虑市场普遍认为，英伟达的优势在于GPU性能领先、制程先进、HBM和NVLink技术强，但这些都是表层优势。英伟达真正不可替代的核心只有一个：CUDA生态锁定。CUDA做了三件事：绑定开发者心智、绑定软件工具链、绑定模型与代码资产。结果是：用英伟达=开发成本最低，换平台=重写代码+不确定风险。这是一种生态税，而不是硬件溢价。自2016年PyTorch发布以来，这款由Meta主导的开源框架迅速成为AI开发者的通用语言，而英伟达的工程师们始终确保PyTorch开发的模型在其GPU上实现最优性能。大量的性能优化、算子实现和工程经验沉淀在CUDA+PyTorch组合中，形成了极高的迁移成本。在硅谷，几乎没有开发者会为特定芯片逐行编写底层代码，PyTorch这样的框架成为连接开发者与硬件的默认抽象层，而CUDA则成为这层抽象背后的技术基石。这种垄断格局让整个行业陷入集体焦虑，对于Meta这样的巨头而言，2025年GPU采购预算高达720亿美元，却仍面临高价抢货的困境，推理成本居高不下。行业对替代方案的渴求日益强烈，当AI推理成本持续飙升，OpenAI 2024年推理支出已达23亿美元，是GPT-4训练成本的15倍。谷歌与Meta的联手，正是在这样的行业痛点下应运而生。TorchTPU计划的技术破局与战略深意Meta并不是英伟达的敌人，事实上，Meta是英伟达最大的客户之一，LLaMA、推荐系统、广告模型都深度依赖GPU。那为什么Meta要推动PyTorch×TPU？原因只有一个：算力主权。Meta的AI规模意味着任何10%的成本波动，都是天文数字，任何算力瓶颈都会影响产品节奏。通过PyTorch，Meta可以降低[非CUDA平台]的使用门槛，为自己保留更多算力选择权，迫使英伟达在谈判中失去绝对优势，这是一种长期议价权布局。近日，谷歌正式推进代号为[TorchTPU]的战略行动，核心目标直指TPU与PyTorch的原生级兼容，让全球最主流的AI框架能在谷歌自研芯片上高效运行。与过往对PyTorch的零星支持不同，谷歌此次投入了前所未有的组织关注度和战略资源，甚至考虑将部分软件开源，以加速客户迁移进程。而作为PyTorch的创建者和守护者，Meta的深度参与让这场技术突围更具颠覆性。TorchTPU计划的本质，是消除横亘在TPU硬件与PyTorch生态之间的技术壁垒。谷歌第七代TPU Ironwood在硬件上已具备强大竞争力，FP8精度下峰值算力达4614 TFLOPS，配备192GB高带宽内存，能效比远超英伟达B200。但长期以来，软件生态的缺失让这些硬件优势难以发挥。通过与Meta的合作，谷歌正在重构TPU的软件栈。开发者无需大幅改写代码，即可实现PyTorch模型向TPU的无缝迁移，谷歌推出的TPU指挥中心更进一步降低了部署门槛。这种高性价比硬件+主流生态的组合，直接冲击了英伟达的核心优势。据测试，在LLM推理、图像生成等张量密集型任务中，TPU的性价比是英伟达H100的四倍，运行BERT服务等任务的速度比A100 GPU快2.8倍，同时节能60-65%。这场合作对谷歌与Meta而言，是一场精准的战略互补。对谷歌来说，TPU早已不是单纯的内部工具，2022年谷歌云部门获得TPU销售主导权后，其销量已成为谷歌云营收增长的重要引擎。2025年起，谷歌更开始将TPU直接出售给客户的数据中心，组织架构也随之调整，老将Amin Vahdat被任命为AI基础设施负责人，直接向CEO皮查伊汇报。TorchTPU计划的成功，将彻底打开TPU的商业化空间，据摩根士丹利预测，到2027年TPU产量将达500万块，2028年增至700万块，每卖出50万块即可为谷歌带来130亿美元营收。对Meta而言，合作的战略价值同样显著。作为英伟达最大的客户之一，Meta长期受困于对GPU的过度依赖。通过推动PyTorch与TPU的适配，不仅能获得更便宜的推理算力，更能实现硬件基础设施多元化，在与英伟达的采购谈判中掌握更多筹码。据悉，Meta计划2026年通过谷歌云租赁TPU，2027年斥资数十亿美元采购硬件部署自有数据中心，用于Llama模型微调等算力密集型任务。TorchTPU计划最具革命性的一点，在于其开源导向。谷歌考虑将部分软件栈开源，这与英伟达CUDA的封闭生态形成鲜明对比。PyTorch作为全球超半数AI开发者的首选框架，本身就具备强大的开源社区基础，其与TPU的深度融合，将形成首个真正由开源生态驱动、直接冲击英伟达软件护城河的挑战者。过去，英伟达通过CUDA生态锁定开发者和客户，形成越用越依赖的路径依赖。而TorchTPU计划则以开源为武器，降低了开发者的迁移成本，让更多企业有机会摆脱[英伟达税]。TPU+PyTorch的象征意义在于，AI算力正在从[芯片中心主义]，走向[生态与系统博弈]。巨头加入或将加速市场转移形象地说，GPU就像一位多才多艺的运动员，精通多项运动；而TPU则像一位奥运短跑冠军，在特定领域做到极致。随着AI算力需求从训练向推理转移，据预测，到2030年推理将消耗75%的AI计算资源，市场规模达2550亿美元，这种技术路线的对决将直接决定行业的未来走向。在AI推理成为算力需求主流的未来，这种[专精]往往比[全能]更具竞争力。这场技术对决已经开始影响市场格局，摩根士丹利预测，2026年ASIC出货量将首次超过GPU，AI数据中心市场将从GPU一家独大转向多极制衡。目前，已有多家巨头开始向TPU迁移，图像生成器Midjourney 2024年转向TPU后，推理成本骤降65%，从每月200万美元降至70万美元，吞吐量提升3倍。Claude的开发商Anthropic与谷歌达成数百亿美元交易，承诺采用多达一百万个TPU，到2026年将释放超过1GW的计算容量。苹果也已开始使用TPU训练AI模型，成为谷歌云TPU的重要客户。据谷歌云高管预测，仅TPU的采用就可能占到英伟达10%的收入，这意味着每年将有数十亿美元的市场份额转移。而随着Meta等巨头的加入，这种市场转移可能会加速。除了谷歌TPU，亚马逊的Trainium、微软的Maia以及Cerebras、Groq等初创公司的专用芯片也在涌入市场，进一步加剧了市场的多元化。野村证券预测，2030年AI数据中心潜在市场规模将达1.2万亿美元，足够容纳多家参与者共同发展。谷歌与Meta的这次联手，不会立刻改变市场格局，却已经改变了长期叙事。英伟达不再是唯一的AI时代基础设施，算力开始像云计算一样，走向多供应、多生态，超级平台正在收回底层控制权。结尾：这不是一场短期的胜负之争，而是一场未来十年AI基础设施主导权的慢变量战争。真正值得关注的不是英伟达是否被挑战，而是当算力不再被一家定义，AI的创新速度和成本结构，将被重新改写。而这，才是TPU+PyTorch背后，最具杀伤力的部分。部分资料参考：头部科技：《谷歌TPU让黄仁勋[慌了神]》，不慌实验室：《谷歌联手Meta挑战英伟达！打响算力突围战？》，差评X.PIN：《谷歌憋了十年的大招，让英伟达好日子到头了？》，新智元：《英伟达危，谷歌联手Meta要让TPU支持PyTorch，击穿CUDA护城河》，半导体行业观察：《难怪高通急了》本公众号所刊发稿件及图片来源于网络，仅用于交流使用，如有侵权请联系回复，我们收到信息后会在24小时内处理。","kind":"news","is_publish_news":true,"is_publish_highlight":false,"is_publish_live":false,"is_publish_wemedia":null,"editions":null,"column":"","sentiment":"2","news_tag":"corporation","news_rank":0,"symbols":[],"gpt_button":0,"need_auth":false,"code":"91000000","status":"200"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"newsSizeData":{"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false},"APP":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 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