硅谷扛不住了、撬动华尔街，“AI军备竞赛”开始扩散，风险也是！

华尔街见闻09-06

科技巨头的AI“军备竞赛”，正演变成一场复杂的金融博弈。当每年动辄千亿美元的资本支出成为常态，即便是现金储备超过3400亿美元的亚马逊、谷歌、Meta、微软和Oracle，也开始感受到前所未有的财务压力。它们正在打破过去完全依赖自有资金建设基础设施的传统，转而向华尔街寻求更复杂的金融解决方案，试图在不损害自身财务稳健性的前提下，为这场昂贵的竞赛提供弹药，而风险，也随之到来。万亿巨头的“甜蜜...

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The \"AI arms race\" begins to spread, and so do the risks!","themeId":"b765c57925fdf51fa8535dea4805c860","isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":null,"symbols_score_info":{"JLL.AU":1,"JLL":1,"GOOG":0.9,"USJW.SI":0.6,"ORCL":0.9,"FB":0.78,"UBS":1,"GOOGL":0.74},"content_text":"科技巨头的AI“军备竞赛”，正演变成一场复杂的金融博弈。\n当每年动辄千亿美元的资本支出成为常态，即便是现金储备超过3400亿美元的亚马逊、谷歌、Meta、微软和Oracle，也开始感受到前所未有的财务压力。\n它们正在打破过去完全依赖自有资金建设基础设施的传统，转而向华尔街寻求更复杂的金融解决方案，试图在不损害自身财务稳健性的前提下，为这场昂贵的竞赛提供弹药，而风险，也随之到来。\n万亿巨头的“甜蜜负担”：AI基建成本倒逼融资创新\n过去，科技巨头们习惯于利用内部庞大的现金流来建设数据中心，但AI的崛起彻底改变了游戏规则。\n这场竞赛的速度和规模，迫使它们必须寻找外部资本。投资者和信用评级机构正密切关注，这些科技巨头将如何为AI数据中心买单，以及这些巨额投资能否转化为新的收入。\n为了在激进扩张的同时维持健康的财务报表，科技巨头们开始与银行家们联手，设计出日益复杂的金融策略，其核心目标只有一个：将部分成本和风险转移出自己的资产负债表。\n这一背景下，合资企业（Joint ventures）、备用担保协议（Backstop agreements）、银团贷款（Syndicated debt）等以往在科技圈鲜有耳闻的金融工具，正被一一搬上牌桌。\n三种分摊风险的“金融玩法”\n在将风险和成本“外部化”的探索中，三种创新的金融“玩法”浮出水面，其核心都是将风险与负债巧妙地“外部化”。\n1. Meta的“表外”策略：合资企业\nMeta为其在路易斯安那州名为“Hyperion”的数据中心项目，发起了一笔高达290亿美元的融资。\n其结构核心是与投资公司Blue Owl Capital成立一家合资企业。其中，Blue Owl投入30亿美元股权，而项目所需的260亿美元巨额债务则交由债券巨头Pimco（太平洋投资管理公司）在摩根士丹利的协助下进行银团分销。\n这种结构的关键在于，未来Meta将以租赁费的形式偿还债务，从而将整个项目移出自身的资产负债表，控制债务水平。\n2. Oracle的“风险均摊”：银团贷款\n作为全球第四大云服务商，Oracle最近同意成为Vantage Data Centers正在开发的一个1.4GW数据中心综合体的租户，这是全球在建的最大规模项目之一。\n由于项目体量巨大，开发商Vantage正与由摩根大通和日本三菱日联金融集团领衔，高盛等机构在内的六家银行合作，为项目所需的220亿美元债务进行银团分销。\n这种模式通过将风险分散给多个贷款方，使得单个机构的风险敞口得以降低，从而使巨额融资成为可能。\n3. 谷歌的“精巧设计”：备用担保\n而谷歌的方案最为复杂精巧，是“备用担保”。\n在这笔交易中，谷歌为云初创公司Fluidstack与数据中心所有者TeraWulf的租赁合同，提供了高达32亿美元的备用担保，并借此获得了TeraWulf 14%的股份。\n其设计的巧妙之处在于，该担保属于“或有负债”，只有在Fluidstack违约时才会触发，因此谷歌很可能无需将其计入当期负债。\n在谷歌的支持下，TeraWulf上个月通过由摩根士丹利和Cantor Fitzgerald承销的可转债筹集了10亿美元，是其初始融资目标的两倍多。\nTeraWulf的首席财务官在上个月的一次会议上表示：\n\n“让一家价值 2 万亿美元的公司、他们的管理团队、董事会和所有人都同意一个新颖的概念并不容易，但我希望我们已经提供了一个路线图。”\n\n狂热下的隐忧：过热、集中与杠杆风险\n科技巨头的巨大融资需求，恰好遇到了一个现金泛滥的信贷市场。\n手握数百亿美元待投资金的私募信贷基金，以及对拥有“投资级”租户的项目越来越放心的银行，正积极涌入。数据中心项目的贷款与总成本比率，较以往已大幅攀升。\n高盛数字基础设施银行业务全球主管杰森·托夫斯基表示，贷款机构同意为数据中心项目总成本提供80%至90%的资金。房地产公司仲量联行(JLL)的数据显示，数据中心贷款机构通常为新开发项目总成本提供65%至80%的资金。托夫斯基表示：\n\n“市场上有足够的资金来资助那些市场熟知的项目。市场能够很好地消化这些项目。”\n\n然而，资本的狂热正催生新的风险。\n首先是市场过热风险。瑞银（UBS）的分析师在上个月的报告中警告，私募信贷大量涌入数据中心领域，虽能推动AI发展，但也可能“增加市场过热的风险”。\n其次是高集中度风险。数据中心的租赁合同高度集中在少数几家信用良好的科技巨头手中。这引发了担忧：一旦其中任何一家公司因战略调整而削减支出，或自身信用评级受到冲击，整个生态系统都将面临巨大风险。\n最后，部分公司的杠杆风险已经显现。评级机构穆迪和标普在7月已向Oracle发出警告，指出其在进入AI基础设施建设阶段时，杠杆率（目前为4.3倍）远高于其他“超大规模”供应商，若不将债务与盈利的比率降至3.5倍以下，其信用评级将面临被下调的风险。\n穆迪分析师在一份信用报告里写道：\n\n“尽管其他多家超大规模提供商正在构建人工智能基础设施，但没有一家像甲骨文这样，在进入这一阶段时，杠杆率如此之高，现金流也如此之负。”","kind":"highlight","is_publish_news":true,"is_publish_highlight":false,"is_publish_live":false,"is_publish_wemedia":null,"editions":null,"column":"","sentiment":"0","news_tag":"","news_rank":0,"symbols":[],"gpt_button":0,"need_auth":false,"code":"91000000","status":"200"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"newsSizeData":{"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":1,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false},"APP":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)","isDev":false,"isTTM":false,"deviceId":"web-server-community-laohu8-v3","version":"4.35.11","shortVersion":"4.35.11","platform":"web","vendor":"web","appName":"laohu8","isIOS":false,"isAndroid":false,"isTiger":false,"isTHS":false,"isWeiXin":false,"isWeiXinMini":false,"isWeiBo":false,"isQQ":false,"isBaiduSwan":false,"isBaiduBox":false,"isDingTalk":false,"isToutiao":false,"isOnePlus":false,"isHuaWei":false,"isXiaomi":false,"isXiaomiWebView":false,"isOppo":false,"isVivo":false,"isSamsung":false,"isMobile":false},"href":"/m/news/2565518054","isCrawlerRequest":true}